““In the 1980s, Woolworths in the United Kingdom had major cost and thus selling price disadvantages compared to the ‘selling’ retailers who were pushing the same products at lower prices. They responded by demanding exclusive presentations of products from the main manufacturers. The strategy worked for a while as Woolworths had the size to order economically efficient quantities of such ‘exclusives’ in specific product categories where Woolworths were strong, while their competitors did not. But this approach added extra costs to the manufacturers, who soon began to regret agreeing to the idea. It””
