“Particle-antiparticle pairs fluctuating in the vacuum also permit the fusion of two real photons into a single one, in the presence of… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The uncertainty relation tells us that an infinitely large energy corresponds to infinitely small distances.” — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The photon itself, the carrier of the electromagnetic interaction, is electrically neutral. That means all interactions among photons proceed through the mediation… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The orthodox interpretation offers no explanation as to why everyday objects never assume quantum mechanical states that do not allow a classical… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The quantity that physicists call the specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise the… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“While the effective electrical charge of a proton decreases with distance, the strength of the effective color charge of a quark increases… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“It is impossible to bring a substance down to a temperature of absolute zero; there cannot be a blackbody without radiation because… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“We know there is a conservation law for electric charge; this simply means that the sum of these charges in any process… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Charged particles can scatter light by absorbing and reemitting it (a). Light can scatter off light only by the mediation of charged… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Second, what properties distinguish an otherwise empty volume that retains only some black-body radiation at zero temperature-dubbed zero-degree radiation-from truly empty space?… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The vacuum of physics contains in its faculties everything that the laws of nature will permit. It fluctuates-the virtual particles come and… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“At the end of inflation, just as after the hot Big Bang, the universe is hot. It is, we might say, self-created… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Certain macroscopic objects directly display quantum mechanical effects. Superconductors and neutron stars-the latter behaving like atomic nuclei with a six-mile diameter-are macroscopic… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Considering the energy balance, the reduction in size and the rise in temperature of the black hole form a feedback mechanism that… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Theory and experiment both show us that light does not need a material medium for propagation. We would have no trouble understanding… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The same energy density that we reach today in electron-positron collisions pervaded the entire universe one ten-billionth of a second after the… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“In order to show that not even light can escape from the gravitational pull of a black hole, we have to hone… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Take an electron at rest. We can liberate its mass energy and transform it into different manifestations of energy by making it… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The laws of quantum mechanics don't permit the removal of arbitrary amounts of energy from a system consisting of two mutually attractive… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“In summary, there is nothing much to the conversion of energy into matter and vice versa. The first actual transformation of light… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The field of the electron is real because it results from the laws of quantum mechanics and appropriate initial conditions. The laws… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“We can now infer that at this initial cooldown of the universe across the critical temperature of 10^15 degrees, a mini planetary… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“For all we know, the universe as a whole does not rotate. Now, the reader might ask, with respect to what should… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“In the general theory, the field is all-pervasive; there is no such thing as space without a field. The space and all… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“We know that the uncertainty relation implies not only the absence of empty space but also the nature of the minimal content… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Today, this is the way we define the vacuum: It is the remnant left over in a volume out of which we… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“To illustrate this relation, think of a game of table tennis. As the ball hits the table, it will bounce up and… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“LIGHT AS AN EXCITATION OF SPACE Let's try and understand light in terms of an excitation of empty space-even if that makes… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“At first glance, it may appear odd that the black hole loses mass upon absorbing another mass-that of the electron. Actually, this… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Insofar as the general theory of relativity follows Mach's ideas, it can be seen as expressing the distribution of masses in terms… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Small regions of empty space will see large energies appear in the form of these fluctuations. they may be energetic electromagnetic waves.… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“To gain any intuitive understanding of the breakdown of this ultimate symmetry through vacuum effects at the critical 10^-44 seconds after the… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“We recall that the term inflation stands for the explosive growth of the universe by a factor of 10^50 in the time… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“John Maddox, the editor of the British journal Nature, had immediately suggested that the minister should be told that the Higgs boson… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“In general, the removal of energy from gravitationally bound systems accelerates the movement of their components. This also goes for systems whose… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“There is no such thing as an indestructible material object. Every particle that meets its antiparticle gives up its identity and becomes… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Newton, whose thinking we will discuss in the next chapter, considers the universe as infinite in extent. Gravitation would have all masses… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Charges induce properties in the space surrounding them which can be observed experimentally. If we enter a test charge into an electric… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The energy of the vacuumin the universe presents us with a dilemma: We know, on the one hand, that this energy must… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“We associate two different terms with this phenomenon: asymptotic freedom and infrared slavery. At one end of the scale, the short distances,… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Recall our discussion of the pendulum. Its position at a given instant does not fix its subsequent behavior. Suppose a photograph shows the pendulum… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Just as with sound waves, light waves emitted by a moving source show the Doppler effect. What we observe instead of the sound pitch… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The interpretation of apparent long-distance action by means of continuously propagating effects was vigorously asserted by Isaac Newton. In his wake, the interpretation of… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The quantity that physicists call the specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“To gain any intuitive understanding of the breakdown of this ultimate symmetry through vacuum effects at the critical 10^-44 seconds after the Big Bang,… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“To illustrate this relation, think of a game of table tennis. As the ball hits the table, it will bounce up and down. When… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Before the particles that we observe today materialized, all matter in the early universe must have gone through this stage of a quark-gluon soup,… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“In physics terms, the reason for symmetry breaking is the instability of the symmetric state.” — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“What really transcends our understanding is the mechanism that permits these oscillations of abstract field quantities to carry energy. We know this is true;… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Chaotic or disordered distributions are symmetrical on the average. An observer cannot conclude anything about his location from looking around him. An example is… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The hotter a substance, the faster and the less ordered its molecular motion, and the larger the momentum with which molecules collide. Above 0… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“This elementary process is symbolically illustrated in figure 59c: A photon becomes an electron-positron pair; inversely, an electron and a positron can combine into… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
