Unknowns Quote by Steven J. Wangsness
““There are things we know we know. . . . We know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns—the ones we don't know we don't know. —Donald Rumsfeld””
About This Quote
Source Speech: Press briefing, Department of Defense, 2002
We recognize what we know, what we don’t know, and the unknown unknowns that can affect decisions.
In simple terms: We must account for knowns, unknowns, and hidden unknowns.
Key Takeaway
Plan for uncertainty and stay adaptable.
Themes
knowledge
uncertainty
decision‑making
Mood
analytical
thoughtful
Type
philosophical
strategic
When to use this quote
- policy planning
- military strategy
- business risk assessment
Key Concepts
risk management
strategic thinking
cognitive bias
Questions to Reflect On
- How can you identify hidden risks?
- What steps reduce uncertainty in your field?
A Different Perspective
Overemphasis on unknown unknowns can paralyze action.
