““One of the early Muslims, Ubâdah b. a - âmit (d. ca. 34/654–55), exhorted his son al-Walîd on his deathbed in these words, as reported by a-abarî: “You will not be God-fearing, and you will not achieve knowledge until you believe in God and in predestination good or bad.”54 Knowledge is clearly conceived here as coming after faith, which appears to be the more primitive and simpler achievement.””