““Ibn Hazm subjects to his critique the four views concern- ing the sources of knowledge, that is, that all knowledge is derived 1. from inspiration (ilhâm), or 2. from the teachings of a religious leader (imâm), or 3. from transmitted information (khabar), or 4. through a blind trust in tradition (taqlid). These do not admit the possibility of evidence gained through reasoning, which Ibn Hazm upholds. On the origin of language, he does not want to commit himself, but he tends toward the view that the single original language of mankind, from which all other languages were derived, owes its development not to convention but to divine teaching (tawqîf ). Very sensibly, he argues against those who feel that there are qualitative differences between the various languages, and who claim that theirs is the best (afdal ) language.””
