““Another aspect of theological discussions that played a role in philosophical arguments is apologetics – that is, Muslim disputations with non-Muslims, a practice directly affiliated with inter-faith debates in both Greek and Syriac in pre-Islamic times. The need for Muslims, as newcomers to the genre, to understand better the rules of dialectical argumentation prompted the caliph al-Mahd¯ı (ruled 775–85) to commission a translation of the best handbook on the subject – Aristotle’s Topics – from the Nestorian Patriarch Timothy I, whom he debated””