'Normal science' means research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements, achievements that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice. — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
Normal science, the activity in which most scientists inevitably spend most all their time, is predicated on the assumption that the scientific community knows what the world is like. Normal science often suppresses fundamental novelties because they are necessarily subversive… — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
“The question I hoped to answer,was how much mechanics Aristotle had known, how much he had left for people such as Galileo and Newton… — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
Far from being magisterial in its objectivity, science was conditioned by history, society, and the prejudices of scientists. — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
No part of the aim of normal science is to call forth new sorts of phenomena; indeed those that will not fit the box… — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
History, if viewed as a repository for more than anecdote or chronology, could produce a decisive transformation in the image of science by which… — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
All crises begin with the blurring of a paradigm and the consequent loosening of the rules for normal research. .. Or finally, the case… — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
As in political revolutions, so in paradigm choice-there is no standard higher than the assent of the relevant community... this issue of paradigm choice… — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
Each paradigm will be shown to satisfy more or less the criteria that it dictates for itself and to fall short of a few… — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
It is, I think, particularly in periods of acknowledged crisis that scientists have turned to philosophical analysis as a device for unlocking the riddles… — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
Almost always the men who achieve these fundamental inventions of a new paradigm have been either very young or very new to the field… — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
What chemists took from Dalton was not new experimental laws but a new way of practicing chemistry (he himself called it the 'new system… — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
What a man sees depends both upon what he looks at and also upon what his previous visual-conceptual experience has taught him to see. — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
Individuals who break through by inventing a new paradigm are almost always either very young men or very new to the field whose paradigm… — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
Philosophers of science have repeatedly demonstrated that more than one theoretical construction can always be placed upon a given collection of data. — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
Under normal conditions the research scientist is not an innovator but a solver of puzzles, and the puzzles upon which he concentrates are just… — Thomas Kuhn Copy Share Image
