“While the future fortunes of the more than two million civil war refugees from Russia differed hugely, depending on circumstances and luck, many of them were – unsurprisingly – united in their staunchly anti-Bolshevik views. Berlin” — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“Even the Jewish communities that already existed in the Reich or in Vienna viewed Orthodox Jewish refugees as outsiders who lacked social standing and… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“This was indeed the case in the following two and a half decades, ending in the later 1940s, when the forced expulsion of millions… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“The CUP’s genocidal wartime policies towards the Armenians and Kemal’s ruthless expulsion of Christian Ottomans featured prominently in the Nazi imagination.” — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“Few politicians observed the developments in Anatolia between 1918 and 1923 with greater interest than Adolf Hitler, who would later profess that in the… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“The CUP’s genocidal wartime policies towards the Armenians and Kemal’s ruthless expulsion of Christian Ottomans featured prominently in the Nazi imagination. They became a… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“While the future fortunes of the more than two million civil war refugees from Russia differed hugely, depending on circumstances and luck, many of… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“Mussolini and Horthy to different degrees feared Hitler and were suspicious of German military power, but by building their regimes on the basis of… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“Mussolini had learnt more from Lenin and the Bolsheviks than he would have cared to admit, notably the lesson that parliamentary majorities were far… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“Neither London nor Paris had gone to war in 1914 with the aim of creating a ‘Europe of nations’, and it was only from… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
