“Too often the result of affirmative action has been an artificial diversity that gives the appearance of parity between blacks and whites that has not yet been achieved in reality...Preferences tend to attack one form of discrimination with another...Affirmative action encourages a victim-focused identity, and sends the message that there is more power in our past suffering than in our present achievements.”
![“Most important, [research on affirmative action] has completely failed to…” quote by Shelby Steele](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/img-quotes/316/shelby-steele-3370_academic_most-important-research-on-affirmative-a_2845643.jpg)
