“One would think that researchers concerned with program quality would have begun by conducting studies of various sheltering techniques and program designs… — James Crawford Programming Copy Share Image
“Noam Chomsky pointed out, the number of possible sentences is infinite in any language; there is no limit to the grammatical combination… — James Crawford Children Copy Share Image
“Advancing no particular theory of their own, some insist that explicit teaching of grammar, vocabulary, semantics, pragmatics, and even pronunciation is necessary… — James Crawford Education Copy Share Image
“the Comprehension Hypothesis,12 elaborated by Stephen Krashen in the early 1980s. It holds that one factor above all is responsible for second… — James Crawford Language Copy Share Image
“Immersion teachers adjusted their use of French to make it accessible to students. They did this through careful choice of vocabulary, syntax,… — James Crawford Body language Copy Share Image
“SIOP is teacher-centric, a classic transmission model. Sadly, this approach is all too common in the education of low-income and minority students… — James Crawford Education Copy Share Image
“we are unaware of any convincing evidence that languages are acquired through “practice.” On the other hand, studies have shown that students… — James Crawford Communication Copy Share Image
“Although it permits the use of students’ native language “to clarify key concepts,” this weak form of bilingual instruction has no support… — James Crawford Native language Copy Share Image
