“While the effective electrical charge of a proton decreases with distance, the strength of the effective color charge of a quark increases… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The photon itself, the carrier of the electromagnetic interaction, is electrically neutral. That means all interactions among photons proceed through the mediation… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The quantity that physicists call the specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise the… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The orthodox interpretation offers no explanation as to why everyday objects never assume quantum mechanical states that do not allow a classical… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Particle-antiparticle pairs fluctuating in the vacuum also permit the fusion of two real photons into a single one, in the presence of… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The uncertainty relation tells us that an infinitely large energy corresponds to infinitely small distances.” — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Newton, whose thinking we will discuss in the next chapter, considers the universe as infinite in extent. Gravitation would have all masses… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Charges induce properties in the space surrounding them which can be observed experimentally. If we enter a test charge into an electric… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“There is no such thing as an indestructible material object. Every particle that meets its antiparticle gives up its identity and becomes… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Certain macroscopic objects directly display quantum mechanical effects. Superconductors and neutron stars-the latter behaving like atomic nuclei with a six-mile diameter-are macroscopic… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Considering the energy balance, the reduction in size and the rise in temperature of the black hole form a feedback mechanism that… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“In general, the removal of energy from gravitationally bound systems accelerates the movement of their components. This also goes for systems whose… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“John Maddox, the editor of the British journal Nature, had immediately suggested that the minister should be told that the Higgs boson… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Charged particles can scatter light by absorbing and reemitting it (a). Light can scatter off light only by the mediation of charged… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The quarks were originally introduced as mathematical symbols-the carriers of certain properties that would facilitate mathematical understanding of elementary particles. This very… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Every object is embedded in the vacuum with which physics surrounds it. This means we don't observe the naked object-rather, we see… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Just as photons are scattered off the charged particle-antiparticle pairs fluctuating in the vacuum, electrical charges will interact with the virtual photons… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“THE GOLDSTONE THEOREM It doesn't matter for our discussion that the broken symmetry of our world chooses a particular direction not in… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“At a temperature of 10^10 degrees, the energy of the photons of the electromagnetic/thermal radiation becomes that needed for the creations of… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Real systems are, in this sense, "excitations of the vacuum"- much as surface waves in a pond are excitations of the pond's… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“There is no suchthing as absolutely empty space. All space contains fluctuating fields and particles. Even in the emptiest space that the… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“To date, we don't know of any object that cannot, for certain, be subdivided. The chemist's atom consists of nucleus and electrons;… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“In microscopic systems-such as in an atom, a molecule, a crystal-this minimal energy means internal motion of its constituents. It is independent… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Protons and neutrons interact strongly with each other because their building blocks do so. The exchange particles of the strong color interaction… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“We don't really know whether there are black holes that emit observable amounts of Hawking radiation. Nevertheless, there is no way to… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The Higgs field originated as the universe cooled down after the Big Bang-a bit like the crystallization of ice as water cools… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The energy that was hidden in the false vacuum is liberated in the course of this phase transition of the universe into… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The parameter we hold responsible for the ability or inability of a particle to move with a velocity other than that of… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The interpretation of apparent long-distance action by means of continuously propagating effects was vigorously asserted by Isaac Newton. In his wake, the… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“INTO AND OUT OF THE VACUUM To make real particles out of the virtual ones that are part of the vacuum fluctuations,… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“We recall that the term inflation stands for the explosive growth of the universe by a factor of 10^50 in the time… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Small regions of empty space will see large energies appear in the form of these fluctuations. they may be energetic electromagnetic waves.… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“To gain any intuitive understanding of the breakdown of this ultimate symmetry through vacuum effects at the critical 10^-44 seconds after the… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Second, what properties distinguish an otherwise empty volume that retains only some black-body radiation at zero temperature-dubbed zero-degree radiation-from truly empty space?… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“The vacuum of physics contains in its faculties everything that the laws of nature will permit. It fluctuates-the virtual particles come and… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“At the end of inflation, just as after the hot Big Bang, the universe is hot. It is, we might say, self-created… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“It is impossible to bring a substance down to a temperature of absolute zero; there cannot be a blackbody without radiation because… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“We know there is a conservation law for electric charge; this simply means that the sum of these charges in any process… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“This question about the reason we do not observe any quantum mechanical uncertainty in the appearance of flies or stars was never… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“When we cause two of one kind of particle- say, an electron and a positron-to collide, the final products might be totally… — Henning Genz Copy Share Image
“Recall our discussion of the pendulum. Its position at a given instant does not fix its subsequent behavior. Suppose a photograph shows the pendulum… — Henning Genz Copy Share
“Just as with sound waves, light waves emitted by a moving source show the Doppler effect. What we observe instead of the sound pitch… — Henning Genz Copy Share
“The interpretation of apparent long-distance action by means of continuously propagating effects was vigorously asserted by Isaac Newton. In his wake, the interpretation of… — Henning Genz Copy Share
“The quantity that physicists call the specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of… — Henning Genz Copy Share
“To gain any intuitive understanding of the breakdown of this ultimate symmetry through vacuum effects at the critical 10^-44 seconds after the Big Bang,… — Henning Genz Copy Share
“To illustrate this relation, think of a game of table tennis. As the ball hits the table, it will bounce up and down. When… — Henning Genz Copy Share
“Before the particles that we observe today materialized, all matter in the early universe must have gone through this stage of a quark-gluon soup,… — Henning Genz Copy Share
“In physics terms, the reason for symmetry breaking is the instability of the symmetric state.” — Henning Genz Copy Share
“What really transcends our understanding is the mechanism that permits these oscillations of abstract field quantities to carry energy. We know this is true;… — Henning Genz Copy Share
“Chaotic or disordered distributions are symmetrical on the average. An observer cannot conclude anything about his location from looking around him. An example is… — Henning Genz Copy Share
“The hotter a substance, the faster and the less ordered its molecular motion, and the larger the momentum with which molecules collide. Above 0… — Henning Genz Copy Share
“This elementary process is symbolically illustrated in figure 59c: A photon becomes an electron-positron pair; inversely, an electron and a positron can combine into… — Henning Genz Copy Share
“John Maddox, the editor of the British journal Nature, had immediately suggested that the minister should be told that the Higgs boson can be… — Henning Genz Copy Share
“At first glance, it may appear odd that the black hole loses mass upon absorbing another mass-that of the electron. Actually, this seeming paradox… — Henning Genz Copy Share
“We can now infer that at this initial cooldown of the universe across the critical temperature of 10^15 degrees, a mini planetary system might… — Henning Genz Copy Share
