“This was indeed the case in the following two and a half decades, ending in the later 1940s, when the forced expulsion of millions of ethnic Germans from east-central Europe was completed.73 Few politicians observed the developments in Anatolia between… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“Few politicians observed the developments in Anatolia between 1918 and 1923 with greater interest than Adolf Hitler, who would later profess that in the aftermath of the Great War he and Mussolini had looked up to Mustafa Kemal as a… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“Even the Jewish communities that already existed in the Reich or in Vienna viewed Orthodox Jewish refugees as outsiders who lacked social standing and… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“This was indeed the case in the following two and a half decades, ending in the later 1940s, when the forced expulsion of millions… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“The CUP’s genocidal wartime policies towards the Armenians and Kemal’s ruthless expulsion of Christian Ottomans featured prominently in the Nazi imagination.” — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“Few politicians observed the developments in Anatolia between 1918 and 1923 with greater interest than Adolf Hitler, who would later profess that in the… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“The CUP’s genocidal wartime policies towards the Armenians and Kemal’s ruthless expulsion of Christian Ottomans featured prominently in the Nazi imagination. They became a… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“While the future fortunes of the more than two million civil war refugees from Russia differed hugely, depending on circumstances and luck, many of… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“Mussolini and Horthy to different degrees feared Hitler and were suspicious of German military power, but by building their regimes on the basis of… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“Mussolini had learnt more from Lenin and the Bolsheviks than he would have cared to admit, notably the lesson that parliamentary majorities were far… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
“Neither London nor Paris had gone to war in 1914 with the aim of creating a ‘Europe of nations’, and it was only from… — Robert Gerwarth Copy Share Image
