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Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always…

“Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns- the…” quote by Donald Rumsfeld
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““Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns- the ones we don't know we don't know.””

Donald Rumsfeld

About This Quote

This interpretation was drafted with AI assistance. It is one reading of the quote, not the author's own explanation.

We categorize knowledge into known knowns, known unknowns, and unknown unknowns, highlighting uncertainty in decision‑making.

In simple terms: We know what we know and don’t.

Key Takeaway

Embrace uncertainty.

Themes

knowledge uncertainty decisionmaking risk

Mood

thoughtful cautious

Type

philosophical strategic

When to use this quote

  • Military intelligence
  • business risk assessment
  • scientific research

Key Concepts

Epistemology information theory strategic planning

Questions to Reflect On

  • How to identify hidden risks?
  • What methods reduce unknowns?
A Different Perspective

Unknown unknowns can never be fully prepared for.

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