---
title: "Meaning & Key Takeaway of: The problem of psychoanalysis is not the…"
description: "\"The problem of psychoanalysis is not the body of theory that Freud left behind, but the fact that it never became a medical science. It never tried to ..."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e22/eric-kandel-10189_became_the-problem-of-psychoanalysis-is-not-the_1064088.png"
---

#  The problem of psychoanalysis is not the body of theory…

![“The problem of psychoanalysis is not the body of theory that Freud left behind, but the fact that it never became a medical science. It never tried to test its ideas.” quote by Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e22/eric-kandel-10189_became_the-problem-of-psychoanalysis-is-not-the_1064088.png)   [Download](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e22/eric-kandel-10189_became_the-problem-of-psychoanalysis-is-not-the_1064088.png) [Open image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e22/eric-kandel-10189_became_the-problem-of-psychoanalysis-is-not-the_1064088.png)

> “The problem of psychoanalysis is not the body of theory that Freud left behind, but the fact that it never became a medical science. It never tried to test its ideas.”

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

## About This Quote

This interpretation was drafted with AI assistance. It is one reading of the quote, not the author's own explanation.

Freud's ideas remain influential but lack empirical testing, preventing psychoanalysis from becoming a medical science.

**In simple terms:** Freud's theories aren't scientifically validated.

Key Takeaway

Demand evidence‑based practice.

Themes

science psychology medicine

Mood

analytical inquisitive

Type

academic philosophical

When to use this quote

- clinical trials
- psychotherapy training
- research funding
- patient care

Key Concepts

empiricism theory validation

Questions to Reflect On

- Can psychoanalysis be rigorously tested?
- What alternatives exist for mental health treatment?

A Different Perspective

Empirical validation is costly and complex.

★ ★ ★ ★ ★   No ratings yet

[Body](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/body/) [Ideas](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/ideas/) [Left behind](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/left-behind/) [Medical](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/medical/) [Medical science](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/medical-science/) [Problem](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/problem/) [Psychoanalysis](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/psychoanalysis/) [Science](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/science/)

## Related quotes

> [In the 1950s and early 1960s, psychoanalysis swept through the intellectual community, and it was the dominant mode of thinking about the mind. People…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/in-the-1950s-and-early-1960s-psychoanalysis-swept-through-the/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [Biology is a way of approaching the truth about the mind. In biology most people don't tackle problems at the level of complexity that…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/biology-is-a-way-of-approaching-the-truth-about-the-mind-in-biology/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [Psychoanalysis has a degree of unreliability about it. You will never know whether you've found the truth. You may find a subjective truth, but…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/psychoanalysis-has-a-degree-of-unreliability-about-it-you-will-never/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [I was interested in the nature of human mental processes, which is what got me interested in psychoanalysis. And it became clear to me…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/i-was-interested-in-the-nature-of-human-mental-processes-which-is/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [I see psychoanalysis, art and biology ultimately coming together, just like cognitive psychology and neuroscience have merged.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/i-see-psychoanalysis-art-and-biology-ultimately-coming-together-just/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [Early in my career, I was disappointed that psychoanalysis was not becoming more empirical, was not becoming more scientific. It was primarily concerned with…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/early-in-my-career-i-was-disappointed-that-psychoanalysis-was-not/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [“In a flash I had a change of heart. Even one precious life was worth saving. Japan was defeated; but the wounded were still…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/takashi-nagai/in-a-flash-i-had-a-change-of-heart-even-one-precious-life-was-worth/)

[Takashi Nagai](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/takashi-nagai/)

> [If science ever gets to the bottom of Voodoo in Haiti and Africa, it will be found that some important medical secrets, still unknown…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/zora-neale-hurston/if-science-ever-gets-to-the-bottom-of-voodoo-in-haiti-and-africa-it/)

[Zora Neale Hurston](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/zora-neale-hurston/)

> [“The truth is, men are not from Mars and women are not from Venus. We are all earthlings whose penises and vaginas came from…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/barbara-carrellas/the-truth-is-men-are-not-from-mars-and-women-are-not-from-venus-we/)

Barbara Carrellas

> [Christianity was created by some decadent and degenerated Romans as a tool of oppression, in the late Roman era, and it should be treated…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/varg-vikernes/christianity-was-created-by-some-decadent-and-degenerated-romans-as-a/)

[Varg Vikernes](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/varg-vikernes/)

> [“I began to come into close contact with poverty, with hunger, with disease, with the inability to cure a child because of a lack…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/ernesto-che-guevara/i-began-to-come-into-close-contact-with-poverty-with-hunger-with/)

[Ernesto Che Guevara](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/ernesto-che-guevara/)

> [If it weren't for greed, intolerance, hate, passion and murder, you would have no works of art, no great buildings, no medical science, no…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/jasper-fforde/if-it-weren-t-for-greed-intolerance-hate-passion-and-murder-you-would/)

[Jasper Fforde](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/jasper-fforde/)

> [“You can't be too careful about work. It's the most dangerous habit known to medical science.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eugene-o-neill/you-can-t-be-too-careful-about-work-it-s-the-most-dangerous-habit/)

[Eugene O'Neill](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eugene-o-neill/)

> [Progress of medical science so what's the use? When my heart scan can not show you his recent](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/mak-786/progress-of-medical-science-so-what-s-the-use-when-my-heart-scan-can/)

Mak\_786

> [In times of failing health, don't hopelessly pray for the intervention of a mythical god; wish hopefully for an advance in medical science.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/steve-fowler/in-times-of-failing-health-don-t-hopelessly-pray-for-the-intervention/)

[Steve Fowler](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/steve-fowler/)

## More by Eric Kandel

> [“Indeed, the underlying precept of the new science of mind is that all mental processes are biological—they all depend on organic molecules and cellular…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/indeed-the-underlying-precept-of-the-new-science-of-mind-is-that-all/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [In the 1950s and early 1960s, psychoanalysis swept through the intellectual community, and it was the dominant mode of thinking about the mind. People…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/in-the-1950s-and-early-1960s-psychoanalysis-swept-through-the/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [In art, as in science, reductionism does not trivialize our perception - of color, light, and perspective - but allows us to see each…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/in-art-as-in-science-reductionism-does-not-trivialize-our-perception/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [I don't think neurobiology is going to replace aesthetics or art history. It's a parallel discipline that adds a new dimension. I always compare…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/i-don-t-think-neurobiology-is-going-to-replace-aesthetics-or-art/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [One of the ultimate challenges of biology is to understand how the brain becomes consciously aware of perception, experience and emotion. But it is…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/one-of-the-ultimate-challenges-of-biology-is-to-understand-how-the/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [I see psychoanalysis, art and biology ultimately coming together, just like cognitive psychology and neuroscience have merged.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/i-see-psychoanalysis-art-and-biology-ultimately-coming-together-just/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [The brain is a complex biological organ possessing immense computational capability: it constructs our sensory experience, regulates our thoughts and emotions, and controls our…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/the-brain-is-a-complex-biological-organ-possessing-immense/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [Ever since the Enlightenment, people thought that we were living in a rational universe. They thought that God was a mathematician and that the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/ever-since-the-enlightenment-people-thought-that-we-were-living-in-a/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [I was interested in the nature of human mental processes, which is what got me interested in psychoanalysis. And it became clear to me…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/i-was-interested-in-the-nature-of-human-mental-processes-which-is/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [It may act as an ancillary factor, but by itself, the mutation in tau doesn't give you Alzheimer's disease. This is not to say…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/it-may-act-as-an-ancillary-factor-but-by-itself-the-mutation-in-tau/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [If you have a lesion in the hippocampus in both sides, you have short term memory, but you can convert that short term memory…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/if-you-have-a-lesion-in-the-hippocampus-in-both-sides-you-have-short/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [My heart beats in three-quarter time.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/my-heart-beats-in-three-quarter-time/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [Vienna is relatively small. And it had wonderful salons, opportunities for people to get together. There was a lot of interaction between scientists and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/vienna-is-relatively-small-and-it-had-wonderful-salons-opportunities/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [Rather than studying the most complex form of memory in a very complicated animal, we had to take the most simple form - an…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/rather-than-studying-the-most-complex-form-of-memory-in-a-very/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

> [Since Socrates and Plato first speculated on the nature of the human mind, serious thinkers through the ages - from Aristotle to Descartes, from…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/since-socrates-and-plato-first-speculated-on-the-nature-of-the-human/)

[Eric Kandel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

[Explore all 67 Eric Kandel quotes ](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/)

## More Became quotes

> [My sketchbook became everything to me.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/steve-carr/my-sketchbook-became-everything-to-me/)

[Steve Carr](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/steve-carr/)

> [In that sense, I became politicized because the people in the coal mining villages who were involved in the struggle knew why they were…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/billy-bragg/in-that-sense-i-became-politicized-because-the-people-in-the-coal/)

[Billy Bragg](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/billy-bragg/)

> [Moses became America's true founding father because he evangelized action; he justified risk. He gave ordinary people the courage to live with uncertainty.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/bruce-feiler/moses-became-america-s-true-founding-father-because-he-evangelized/)

[Bruce Feiler](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/bruce-feiler/)

> [I have never really been fond of animals. I certainly wasn't an 'animal lover' when I became involved in the movement. I just came…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/peter-singer/i-have-never-really-been-fond-of-animals-i-certainly-wasn-t-an-animal/)

[Peter Singer](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/peter-singer/)

> [In the Machine Age, the company itself became a machine - a machine for making money.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/peter-senge/in-the-machine-age-the-company-itself-became-a-machine-a-machine-for/)

[Peter Senge](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/peter-senge/)

> [I felt cheated by the way grown-ups told me that the future of the world was bleak when I became a teenager in the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/matt-ridley/i-felt-cheated-by-the-way-grown-ups-told-me-that-the-future-of-the/)

[Matt Ridley](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/matt-ridley/)

> [In my relationship, I was giving myself away to make the relationship better, but in actuality, wasn't doing better by doing that. I became…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/jason-mraz/in-my-relationship-i-was-giving-myself-away-to-make-the-relationship/)

[Jason Mraz](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/jason-mraz/)

> [I was fascinated with the phone system and how it worked; I became a hacker to get better control over the phone company.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/kevin-mitnick/i-was-fascinated-with-the-phone-system-and-how-it-worked-i-became-a/)

[Kevin Mitnick](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/kevin-mitnick/)

> [In 1887, Oregon became the first state to make Labor Day an official holiday, with Colorado, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York quickly following suit.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/brendan-i-koerner/in-1887-oregon-became-the-first-state-to-make-labor-day-an-official/)

[Brendan I. Koerner](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/brendan-i-koerner/)

> [Mike Tyson is the most complex person I've ever met in my life. I've known Mike since 1986. We're both from Brooklyn. I didn't…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/spike-lee/mike-tyson-is-the-most-complex-person-i-ve-ever-met-in-my-life-i-ve/)

[Spike Lee](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/spike-lee/)

> [With \*NSYNC, we shopped our deal for a year in America, sang a capella in everybody's office, then moved to Germany for almost two…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/jc-chasez/with-nsync-we-shopped-our-deal-for-a-year-in-america-sang-a-capella/)

[JC Chasez](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/jc-chasez/)

> [Let's assume for the moment that the logic behind Presidents Day is actually sound for certain presidents. Why not have a separate holiday for…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/ben-shapiro/let-s-assume-for-the-moment-that-the-logic-behind-presidents-day-is/)

[Ben Shapiro](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/ben-shapiro/)

> ['Lost Boys' is one of my all-time faves. I just thought it would be great to be a vampire. I remember this movie called…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/lena-headey/lost-boys-is-one-of-my-all-time-faves-i-just-thought-it-would-be/)

[Lena Headey](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/lena-headey/)

> [By the time I became chairman and there was more of a feeling of urgency, there was a willingness to accept more forceful measures…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-a-volcker/by-the-time-i-became-chairman-and-there-was-more-of-a-feeling-of/)

Paul A. Volcker

> [I don't think Cheney started off in 2000 with a burning desire to become vice-president. I think the prospect gradually became more appealing, and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/barton-gellman/i-don-t-think-cheney-started-off-in-2000-with-a-burning-desire-to/)

[Barton Gellman](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/barton-gellman/)

Browse all 1,121 Became quotes

```json
{
    "@context": "https://schema.org",
    "@graph": [
        {
            "@type": "Quotation",
            "text": "The problem of psychoanalysis is not the body of theory that Freud left behind, but the fact that it never became a medical science. It never tried to test its ideas.",
            "creator": {
                "@type": "Person",
                "name": "Eric Kandel"
            },
            "isPartOf": {
                "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#website"
            },
            "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/the-problem-of-psychoanalysis-is-not-the-body-of-theory-that-freud/",
            "about": {
                "@type": "Thing",
                "name": "Became"
            },
            "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/the-problem-of-psychoanalysis-is-not-the-body-of-theory-that-freud/#quotation",
            "image": {
                "@type": "ImageObject",
                "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e22/eric-kandel-10189_became_the-problem-of-psychoanalysis-is-not-the_1064088.png",
                "contentUrl": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e22/eric-kandel-10189_became_the-problem-of-psychoanalysis-is-not-the_1064088.png",
                "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e22/eric-kandel-10189_became_the-problem-of-psychoanalysis-is-not-the_1064088.png",
                "width": 1080,
                "height": 1080,
                "caption": "“The problem of psychoanalysis is not the body of theory that Freud left behind, but the fact that it never…” — Eric Kandel",
                "creditText": "SMS4Smile Quotes",
                "creator": {
                    "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#organization"
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "BreadcrumbList",
            "itemListElement": [
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 1,
                    "name": "Home",
                    "item": "https://sms4smile.com/"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 2,
                    "name": "Quotes",
                    "item": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 3,
                    "name": "Eric Kandel",
                    "item": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-kandel/"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 4,
                    "name": "The problem of psychoanalysis is not...",
                    "item": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/the-problem-of-psychoanalysis-is-not-the-body-of-theory-that-freud/"
                }
            ],
            "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-kandel/the-problem-of-psychoanalysis-is-not-the-body-of-theory-that-freud/#breadcrumb"
        },
        {
            "@type": "WebSite",
            "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#website",
            "name": "SMS4Smile Quotes",
            "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/",
            "publisher": {
                "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#organization"
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "Organization",
            "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#organization",
            "name": "SMS4Smile Quotes",
            "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/",
            "logo": {
                "@type": "ImageObject",
                "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/themes/sq/assets/icons/icon-512.png",
                "width": 512,
                "height": 512
            }
        }
    ]
}
```
