---
title: "43 William J. Brennan Quotes - Famous Lawyer (International due process and the law)"
description: "William Joseph Brennan Jr. was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1956 to 1..."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b024/author-william-j-brennan-95566.jpg"
---

![Portrait of William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b024/author-william-j-brennan-95566.jpg)

# William J. Brennan

(1906–1997)   Lawyer

 **43** quotes in **415** categories

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William J. Brennan was a lawyer, best known for *International due process and the law*.

## Quick Facts About William J. Brennan

Born April 25, 1906

Died July 24, 1997

Profession Lawyer

Notable works International due process and the law

## About William J. Brennan

William Joseph Brennan Jr. was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1956 to 1990. He was the eighth-longest serving justice in Supreme Court history, and was known for being a leader of the Court's liberal wing.

##  Quotes by William J. Brennan

> [There is no such thing as a false idea.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/there-is-no-such-thing-as-a-false-idea/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[False](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/false/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/48e/william-j-brennan-15212_false_there-is-no-such-thing-as-a-false-idea-2_2877323.jpg)

> [The framers knew that liberty is a fragile thing, and so should we.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/the-framers-knew-that-liberty-is-a-fragile-thing-and-so-should-we/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Fragile](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/fragile/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2c9/william-j-brennan-15212_fragile_the-framers-knew-that-liberty-is-a-fragi_2434130.jpg)

> [Clerks get into the damnedest wrangles--which is the way they help me.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/clerks-get-into-the-damnedest-wrangles-which-is-the-way-they-help-me/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Clerks](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/clerks/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/78c/william-j-brennan-15212_clerks_clerks-get-into-the-damnedest-wrangles-w_2830160.jpg)

> [If a policeman must know the Constitution, then why not a planner?](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/if-a-policeman-must-know-the-constitution-then-why-not-a-planner/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Constitution](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/constitution/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/02b/william-j-brennan-15212_constitution_if-a-policeman-must-know-the-constitutio_477566.jpg)

> [We must meet the challenge rather than wish it were not before us.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/we-must-meet-the-challenge-rather-than-wish-it-were-not-before-us/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Bad day](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/bad-day/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/612/william-j-brennan-15212_bad-day_we-must-meet-the-challenge-rather-than-w_2200213.jpg)

> [Whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/whether-to-the-average-person-applying-contemporary-community/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Appeals](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/appeals/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/97e/william-j-brennan-15212_appeals_whether-to-the-average-person-applying-c_963814.jpg)

> [If we are to be as a shining city upon a hill, it will be because of our ceaseless pursuit of the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/if-we-are-to-be-as-a-shining-city-upon-a-hill-it-will-be-because-of/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Atheism](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/atheism/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/28d/william-j-brennan-15212_atheism_if-we-are-to-be-as-a-shining-city-upon-a_1326432.jpg)

> [After each perceived security crisis ended, the United States has remorsefully realized that the abrogation of civil liberties was unnecessary.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/after-each-perceived-security-crisis-ended-the-united-states-has/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Civil liberties](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/civil-liberties/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/dd3/william-j-brennan-15212_civil-liberties_after-each-perceived-security-crisis-end_610683.jpg)

> [The Bill of Rights never gets off the page and into the lives of most Americans.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/the-bill-of-rights-never-gets-off-the-page-and-into-the-lives-of-most/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Americans](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/americans/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c48/william-j-brennan-15212_bill-of-rights_the-bill-of-rights-never-gets-off-the-pa_1885117.jpg)

> [Capital punishment...treats members of the human race...as objects to be toyed with and discarded.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/capital-punishment-treats-members-of-the-human-race-as-objects-to-be/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Capital punishment](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/capital-punishment/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/061/william-j-brennan-15212_capital-punishment_capital-punishment-treats-members-of-the_128466.jpg)

> [Punishing desecration of the flag dilutes the very freedom that makes this emblem so revered.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/punishing-desecration-of-the-flag-dilutes-the-very-freedom-that-makes/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Desecration](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/desecration/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/66e/william-j-brennan-15212_desecration_punishing-desecration-of-the-flag-dilute_2786097.jpg)

> [The law is not an end in itself, nor does it provide ends. It is preeminently a means to serve what we…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/the-law-is-not-an-end-in-itself-nor-does-it-provide-ends-it-is/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Doe](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/doe/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/cab/william-j-brennan-15212_doe_the-law-is-not-an-end-in-itself-nor-does_1924388.jpg)

> [Consequences flow from a justice's interpretation in a direct and immediate way. A judicial decision respecting the incompatibility of Jim Crow with…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/consequences-flow-from-a-justice-s-interpretation-in-a-direct-and/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Consequence](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/consequence/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/da2/william-j-brennan-15212_consequence_consequences-flow-from-a-justice-s-inter_2890672.jpg)

> [If our free society is to endure, and I know it will, those who govern must recognize that the Framers of the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/if-our-free-society-is-to-endure-and-i-know-it-will-those-who-govern/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Air](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/air/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a4a/william-j-brennan-15212_air_if-our-free-society-is-to-endure-and-i-k_1227367.jpg)

> [Debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust and wide-open and that...may well include vehement, caustic, and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/debate-on-public-issues-should-be-uninhibited-robust-and-wide-open/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Caustic](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/caustic/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a15/william-j-brennan-15212_caustic_debate-on-public-issues-should-be-uninhi_230314.jpg)

> [If there is a bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment, it is that the government may not prohibit the expression of an…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/if-there-is-a-bedrock-principle-underlying-the-first-amendment-it-is/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Amendment 1](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/amendment-1/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0b3/william-j-brennan-15212_amendment-1_if-there-is-a-bedrock-principle-underlyi_2110583.jpg)

> [The calculated killing of a human being by the state involves, by its very nature, an absolute denial of the executed person's…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/the-calculated-killing-of-a-human-being-by-the-state-involves-by-its/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Absolutes](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/absolutes/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b4e/william-j-brennan-15212_absolutes_the-calculated-killing-of-a-human-being_1725822.jpg)

> [Our statute books gradually became laden with gross, stereotyped distinctions between the sexes and, indeed, throughout much of the 19th century the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/our-statute-books-gradually-became-laden-with-gross-stereotyped/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[19th century](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/19th-century/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b06/william-j-brennan-15212_19th-century_our-statute-books-gradually-became-laden_502723.jpg)

> [The public schools are supported entirely, in most communities, by public funds-funds exacted not only from parents, nor alone from those who…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/the-public-schools-are-supported-entirely-in-most-communities-by/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Atheism](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/atheism/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e3b/william-j-brennan-15212_atheism_the-public-schools-are-supported-entirel_1062935.jpg)

> [No doubt, there are those who believe that judges-and particularly dissenting judges-write to hear themselves say, as it were, I I I.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/no-doubt-there-are-those-who-believe-that-judges-and-particularly/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Agree](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/agree/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d3d/william-j-brennan-15212_agree_no-doubt-there-are-those-who-believe-tha_1282764.jpg)

> [While the machinery of law enforcement and indeed the nature of crime itself have changed dramatically since the Fourth Amendment became part…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/while-the-machinery-of-law-enforcement-and-indeed-the-nature-of-crime/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Amendments](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/amendments/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/75d/william-j-brennan-15212_amendments_while-the-machinery-of-law-enforcement-a_1243988.jpg)

> [We current Justices read the Constitution in the only way that we can: as Twentieth Century Americans. We look to the history…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/we-current-justices-read-the-constitution-in-the-only-way-that-we-can-2/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Adaptability](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/adaptability/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2e6/william-j-brennan-15212_adaptability_we-current-justices-read-the-constitutio_2408808.jpg)

> [Lawyers, before any other group, must continue to point out how the system is really working-how it actually affects real people. They…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/lawyers-before-any-other-group-must-continue-to-point-out-how-the/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Bears](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/bears/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/fda/william-j-brennan-15212_bears_lawyers-before-any-other-group-must-cont_2508749.jpg)

> [Our amended Constitution is the lodestar for our aspirations. Like every text worth reading, it is not crystalline. The phrasing is broad…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/our-amended-constitution-is-the-lodestar-for-our-aspirations-like/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Ambiguity](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/ambiguity/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0c3/william-j-brennan-15212_ambiguity_our-amended-constitution-is-the-lodestar_980166.jpg)

> [If our free society is to endure, those who govern must recognize human dignity and accept the enforcement of constitutional limitations on…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/if-our-free-society-is-to-endure-those-who-govern-must-recognize/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Accepting](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/accepting/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/be9/william-j-brennan-15212_accepting_if-our-free-society-is-to-endure-those-w_89667.jpg)

> [The concept of military necessity is seductively broad, and has a dangerous plasticity. Because they invariably have the visage of overriding importance,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/the-concept-of-military-necessity-is-seductively-broad-and-has-a/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Argument](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/argument/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7c2/william-j-brennan-15212_argument_the-concept-of-military-necessity-is-sed_2317231.jpg)

> [One area of law more than any other besmirches the constitutional vision of human dignity. . . . The barbaric death penalty…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/one-area-of-law-more-than-any-other-besmirches-the-constitutional/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Areas](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/areas/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/bb9/william-j-brennan-15212_areas_one-area-of-law-more-than-any-other-besm_793397.jpg)

> [With respect to the death penalty, I believe that a majority of the Supreme Court will one day accept that when the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/with-respect-to-the-death-penalty-i-believe-that-a-majority-of-the/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Accepting](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/accepting/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7fa/william-j-brennan-15212_accepting_with-respect-to-the-death-penalty-i-beli_2902664.jpg)

> [It is difficult to understand precisely what the state hopes to achieve by promoting the creation and perpetuation of a subclass of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/it-is-difficult-to-understand-precisely-what-the-state-hopes-to/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Achieve](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/achieve/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/44e/william-j-brennan-15212_achieve_it-is-difficult-to-understand-precisely_1905808.jpg)

> [The Constitution was framed fundamentally as a bulwark against governmental power, and preventing the arbitrary administration of punishment is a basic ideal…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/the-constitution-was-framed-fundamentally-as-a-bulwark-against/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Administration](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/administration/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/194/william-j-brennan-15212_administration_the-constitution-was-framed-fundamentall_2451394.jpg)

> [“Thus, we consider this case against the background of a profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/thus-we-consider-this-case-against-the-background-of-a-profound/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Politics](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/politics/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/408/william-j-brennan-15212_politics_thus-we-consider-this-case-against-the-b_927940.jpg)

> [You in the media ought to be ashamed of yourselves to call the provisions and the guarantees of the Bill of Rights…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/you-in-the-media-ought-to-be-ashamed-of-yourselves-to-call-the/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Ashamed](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/ashamed/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/319/william-j-brennan-15212_ashamed_you-in-the-media-ought-to-be-ashamed-of_1718647.jpg)

> [Authoritative interpretations of the First Amendment guarantees have consistently refused to recognize an exception for any test of truth whether administered by…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/authoritative-interpretations-of-the-first-amendment-guarantees-have/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Administrative](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/administrative/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/6cb/william-j-brennan-15212_administrative_authoritative-interpretations-of-the-fir_3083437.jpg)

> [All ideas having even the slightest redeeming social importance - unorthodox ideas, controversial ideas, even ideas hateful to the prevailing climate of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/all-ideas-having-even-the-slightest-redeeming-social-importance/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Amendments](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/amendments/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/553/william-j-brennan-15212_amendments_all-ideas-having-even-the-slightest-rede_3076253.jpg)

> [Perhaps the bleakest fact of all is that the death penalty is imposed not only in a freakish and discriminatory manner, but…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/perhaps-the-bleakest-fact-of-all-is-that-the-death-penalty-is-imposed/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Against death penalty](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/against-death-penalty/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/12c/william-j-brennan-15212_against-death-penalt_perhaps-the-bleakest-fact-of-all-is-that_2909351.jpg)

> [There can be no doubt that our Nation has had a long and unfortunate history of sex discrimination. Traditionally, such discrimination was…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/there-can-be-no-doubt-that-our-nation-has-had-a-long-and-unfortunate/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Attitude](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/attitude/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/4f6/william-j-brennan-15212_attitude_there-can-be-no-doubt-that-our-nation-ha_2757909.jpg)

> [We cannot let colorblindness become myopia which masks the reality that many "created equal" have been treated within our lifetimes as inferior…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/we-cannot-let-colorblindness-become-myopia-which-masks-the-reality/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Citizens](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/citizens/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f10/william-j-brennan-15212_citizens_we-cannot-let-colorblindness-become-myop_590993.jpg)

> [More fundamentally, however, the answer to petitioners' objection is that there can be no impairment of executive power, whether on the state…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/more-fundamentally-however-the-answer-to-petitioners-objection-is/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Action](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/action/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/749/william-j-brennan-15212_action_more-fundamentally-however-the-answer-to_2783627.jpg)

> [It is tempting to pretend that minorities on death row share a fate in no way connected to our own, that our…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/it-is-tempting-to-pretend-that-minorities-on-death-row-share-a-fate/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Chamber](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/chamber/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/244/william-j-brennan-15212_chamber_it-is-tempting-to-pretend-that-minoritie_1730179.jpg)

> [At bottom, the battle has been waged on moral grounds. The country has debated whether a society for which the dignity of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-j-brennan/at-bottom-the-battle-has-been-waged-on-moral-grounds-the-country-has/)

[William J. Brennan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-j-brennan/)

[Battle](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/battle/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/84f/william-j-brennan-15212_battle_at-bottom-the-battle-has-been-waged-on-m_1331607.jpg)

## William J. Brennan by topic

[Constitution (12)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/constitution/william-j-brennan/)

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                        "text": "The calculated killing of a human being by the state involves, by its very nature, an absolute denial of the executed person's humanity. The most vile murder does not, in my view, release the state from constitutional restraint on the destruction of human dignity.",
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                        "text": "Our statute books gradually became laden with gross, stereotyped distinctions between the sexes and, indeed, throughout much of the 19th century the position of women in our society was, in many respects, comparable to that of blacks under the pre-Civil War slave codes.",
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                        "text": "No doubt, there are those who believe that judges-and particularly dissenting judges-write to hear themselves say, as it were, I I I. And no doubt, there are also those who believe that judges are, like Joan Didion, primarily engaged in the writing of fiction. I cannot agree with either of those propositions.",
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                        "text": "While the machinery of law enforcement and indeed the nature of crime itself have changed dramatically since the Fourth Amendment became part of the Nation's fundamental law in 1791, what the Framers understood then remains true today - that the task of combating crime and convicting the guilty will in every era seem of such critical and pressing concern that we may be lured by the temptations of expediency into forsaking our commitment to protecting individual liberty and privacy.",
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                        "text": "We current Justices read the Constitution in the only way that we can: as Twentieth Century Americans. We look to the history of the time of framing and to the intervening history of interpretation. But the ultimate question must be, what do the words of the text mean in our time. For the genius of the Constitution rests not in any static meaning it might have had in a world that is dead and gone, but in the adaptability of its great principles to cope with current problems and current needs.",
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                        "text": "Lawyers, before any other group, must continue to point out how the system is really working-how it actually affects real people. They must constantly demonstrate to courts and legislatures alike the tragic results of legal nonintervention. They must highlight how legal doctrines no longer bear any relation to reality, whether in landlord and tenant law, holder in due course law, or any other law. In sum, lawyers must bring real morality into the legal consciousness",
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                        "text": "Our amended Constitution is the lodestar for our aspirations. Like every text worth reading, it is not crystalline. The phrasing is broad and the limitations of its provisions are not clearly marked. Its majestic generalities and ennobling pronouncements are both luminous and obscure. This ambiguity of course calls forth interpretation, the interaction of reader and text. The encounter with the Constitutional text has been, in many senses, my life's work.",
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                        "text": "If our free society is to endure, those who govern must recognize human dignity and accept the enforcement of constitutional limitations on their power conceived by the Framers . . . . Such recognition will not come from a technical understanding of the organs of government, or the new forms of wealth they administer. It requires something different, something deeper-a personal confrontation with the wellsprings of our society.",
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                        "text": "The concept of military necessity is seductively broad, and has a dangerous plasticity. Because they invariably have the visage of overriding importance, there is always a temptation to invoke security \"necessities\" to justify an encroachment upon civil liberties. For that reason, the military-security argument must be approached with a healthy skepticism.",
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                        "text": "One area of law more than any other besmirches the constitutional vision of human dignity. . . . The barbaric death penalty violates our Constitution. Even the most vile murderer does not release the state from its obligation to respect dignity, for the state does not honor the victim by< emulating his murderer. Capital punishment's fatal flaw is that it treats people as objects to be toyed with and discarded. . . . One day the Court will outlaw the death penalty. Permanently.",
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                        "text": "With respect to the death penalty, I believe that a majority of the Supreme Court will one day accept that when the state punishes with death, it denies the humanity and dignity of the victim and transgresses the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. That day will be a great day for our country, for it will be a great day for our Constitution.",
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                        "text": "It is difficult to understand precisely what the state hopes to achieve by promoting the creation and perpetuation of a subclass of illiterates within our boundaries, surely adding to the problems and costs of unemployment, welfare and crime.",
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                        "text": "The Constitution was framed fundamentally as a bulwark against governmental power, and preventing the arbitrary administration of punishment is a basic ideal of any society that purports to be governed by the rule of law.",
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