---
title: "67 Willard Van Orman Quine Quotes - Famous Mathematician (Methods of logic)"
description: "Willard Van Orman Quine was an American logician and philosopher in the analytic tradition, recognized as \"one of the most influential philosophers of t..."
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---

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# Willard Van Orman Quine

(1908–2000)   Mathematician   United States

 **67** quotes in **436** categories

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Willard Van Orman Quine was a mathematician from the United States, best known for *Methods of logic*.

## Quick Facts About Willard Van Orman Quine

Born June 25, 1908

Died December 25, 2000

Nationality United States

Profession Mathematician

Notable works Methods of logic

Known for Q232002, Duhem–Quine thesis, Quine–McCluskey algorithm, The Roots of Reference, Word and Object

## About Willard Van Orman Quine

Willard Van Orman Quine was an American logician and philosopher in the analytic tradition, recognized as "one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century". He was the Edgar Pierce Chair of Philosophy at Harvard University from 1956 to 1978.

## Awards & Honors

Rolf Schock Prizes Carus Lectures Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy honorary doctor of Harvard University Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry

##  Quotes by Willard Van Orman Quine

> [Logic chases truth up the tree of grammar.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/logic-chases-truth-up-the-tree-of-grammar/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Grammar](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/grammar/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/081/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_grammar_logic-chases-truth-up-the-tree-of-gramma_526619.jpg)

> [Irrefragability, thy name is mathematics.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/irrefragability-thy-name-is-mathematics/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Mathematics](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/mathematics/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/402/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_mathematics_irrefragability-thy-name-is-mathematics_1179925.jpg)

> [Language is a social art.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/language-is-a-social-art/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Art](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/art/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c6e/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_art_language-is-a-social-art-1107427_1107427.jpg)

> [To be is to be the value of a variable.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/to-be-is-to-be-the-value-of-a-variable/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Value](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/value/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/369/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_quote_to-be-is-to-be-the-value-of-a-variable-1_1370001.jpg)

> [Yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/yields-falsehood-when-preceded-by-its-quotation/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Falsehood](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/falsehood/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/978/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_falsehood_yields-falsehood-when-preceded-by-its-qu_1115426.jpg)

> [Set theory in sheep's clothing.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/set-theory-in-sheep-s-clothing/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Clothings](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/clothings/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/30c/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_clothings_set-theory-in-sheep-s-clothing-1431904_1431904.jpg)

> [Language is conceived in sin and science is its redemption.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/language-is-conceived-in-sin-and-science-is-its-redemption/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Language](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/language/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7ab/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_language_language-is-conceived-in-sin-and-science_1149559.jpg)

> [Science is not a substitute for common sense, but an extension of it.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/science-is-not-a-substitute-for-common-sense-but-an-extension-of-it/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Common](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/common/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/94d/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_common_science-is-not-a-substitute-for-common-s_576926.jpg)

> [One man's antinomy is another man's falsidical paradox, give or take a couple of thousand years.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/one-man-s-antinomy-is-another-man-s-falsidical-paradox-give-or-take-a/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Another man](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/another-man/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d1e/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_another-man_one-man-s-antinomy-is-another-man-s-fals_2448814.jpg)

> [Logic is an old subject, and since 1879 it has been a great one.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/logic-is-an-old-subject-and-since-1879-it-has-been-a-great-one/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Great](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/great/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/562/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_great_logic-is-an-old-subject-and-since-1879-i_3072778.jpg)

> [One man's observation is another man's closed book or flight of fancy.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/one-man-s-observation-is-another-man-s-closed-book-or-flight-of-fancy/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Another man](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/another-man/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2c9/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_another-man_one-man-s-observation-is-another-man-s-c_2696401.jpg)

> [Confusion of sign and object is original sin coeval with the word.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/confusion-of-sign-and-object-is-original-sin-coeval-with-the-word/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Confusion](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/confusion/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/04e/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_confusion_confusion-of-sign-and-object-is-original_2378106.jpg)

> [I have been accused of denying consciousness but I am not conscious of having done so.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/i-have-been-accused-of-denying-consciousness-but-i-am-not-conscious/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Accused](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/accused/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d60/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_accused_i-have-been-accused-of-denying-conscious_847731.jpg)

> [Necessity resides in the way we talk about things, not in the things we talk about.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/necessity-resides-in-the-way-we-talk-about-things-not-in-the-things/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Necessity](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/necessity/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c0b/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_way_necessity-resides-in-the-way-we-talk-abo_1452675.jpg)

> [“Believing is a disposition. We could tire ourselves out thinking, if we put our minds to it, but believing takes no toll.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/believing-is-a-disposition-we-could-tire-ourselves-out-thinking-if-we/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Believing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/believing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/26d/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_believing_believing-is-a-disposition-we-could-tire_246241.jpg)

> [Uncritical semantics is the myth of a museum in which the exhibits are meanings and the words are labels. To switch languages…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/uncritical-semantics-is-the-myth-of-a-museum-in-which-the-exhibits/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Labels](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/labels/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3fe/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_labels_uncritical-semantics-is-the-myth-of-a-mu_3027098.jpg)

> [Creatures inveterately wrong in their inductions have a pathetic but praise-worthy tendency to die before reproducing their kind.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/creatures-inveterately-wrong-in-their-inductions-have-a-pathetic-but/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Animal](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/animal/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b92/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_animal_creatures-inveterately-wrong-in-their-in_839204.jpg)

> [Theory may be deliberate, as in a chapter on chemistry, or it may be second nature, as in the immemorial doctrine of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/theory-may-be-deliberate-as-in-a-chapter-on-chemistry-or-it-may-be/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Chapters](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/chapters/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/02a/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_chapters_theory-may-be-deliberate-as-in-a-chapter_85343.jpg)

> [The word 'definition' has come to have a dangerously reassuring sound, owing no doubt to its frequent occurrence in logical and mathematical…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/the-word-definition-has-come-to-have-a-dangerously-reassuring-sound/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Dangerously](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/dangerously/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e5c/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_dangerously_the-word-definition-has-come-to-have-a-d_447309.jpg)

> [To define an expression is, paradoxically speaking, to explain how to get along without it. To define is to eliminate.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/to-define-an-expression-is-paradoxically-speaking-to-explain-how-to/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Expression](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/expression/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/552/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_expression_to-define-an-expression-is-paradoxically_1702752.jpg)

> [The scientist is indistinguishable from the common man in his sense of evidence, except that the scientist is more careful.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/the-scientist-is-indistinguishable-from-the-common-man-in-his-sense/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Careful](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/careful/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d40/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_careful_the-scientist-is-indistinguishable-from_847320.jpg)

> [At root what is needed for scientific inquiry is just receptivity to data, skill in reasoning, and yearning for truth. Admittedly, ingenuity…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/at-root-what-is-needed-for-scientific-inquiry-is-just-receptivity-to/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Data](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/data/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d7d/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_data_at-root-what-is-needed-for-scientific-in_3104798.jpg)

> [How are we to adjudicate among rival ontologies? Certainly the answer is not provided by the semantical formula "To be is to…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/how-are-we-to-adjudicate-among-rival-ontologies-certainly-the-answer/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Answers](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/answers/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/142/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_answers_how-are-we-to-adjudicate-among-rival-ont_2106279.jpg)

> [We must not leap to the fatalistic conclusion that we are stuck with the conceptual scheme that we grew up in. We…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/we-must-not-leap-to-the-fatalistic-conclusion-that-we-are-stuck-with/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Bits](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/bits/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9b4/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_bits_we-must-not-leap-to-the-fatalistic-concl_390581.jpg)

> [English general and singular terms, identity, quantification, and the whole bag of ontological tricks may be correlated with elements of the native…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/english-general-and-singular-terms-identity-quantification-and-the/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Bags](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/bags/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d11/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_bags_english-general-and-singular-terms-ident_1155759.jpg)

> [Our acceptance of an ontology is, I think, similar in principle to our acceptance of a scientific theory, say a system of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/our-acceptance-of-an-ontology-is-i-think-similar-in-principle-to-our/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Acceptance](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/acceptance/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/24a/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_acceptance_our-acceptance-of-an-ontology-is-i-think_1433355.jpg)

> [... two men could be just alike in all their dispositions to verbal behavior under all possible sensory stimulations, and yet themeanings…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/two-men-could-be-just-alike-in-all-their-dispositions-to-verbal/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Behavior](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/behavior/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/183/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_behavior_two-men-could-be-just-alike-in-all-their_2765964.jpg)

> [Nonbeing must in some sense be, otherwise what is it that there is not? This tangled doctrine might be nicknamed Plato's beard;…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/nonbeing-must-in-some-sense-be-otherwise-what-is-it-that-there-is-not/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Beard](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/beard/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e7e/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_beard_nonbeing-must-in-some-sense-be-otherwise_1435711.jpg)

> [For me the problem of induction is a problem about the world: a problem of how we, as we are now (by…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/for-me-the-problem-of-induction-is-a-problem-about-the-world-a/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Chance](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/chance/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1e4/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_chance_for-me-the-problem-of-induction-is-a-pro_2072485.jpg)

> [Our talk of external things, our very notion of things, is just a conceptual apparatus that helps us to foresee and control…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/our-talk-of-external-things-our-very-notion-of-things-is-just-a/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Conceptual](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/conceptual/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7d5/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_conceptual_our-talk-of-external-things-our-very-not_197399.jpg)

> [The mastery of one's phonemes may be compared to the violinist's mastery of fingering. The violin string lends itself to a continuous…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/the-mastery-of-one-s-phonemes-may-be-compared-to-the-violinist-s/)

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[Conventional](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/conventional/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a32/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_conventional_the-mastery-of-one-s-phonemes-may-be-com_215081.jpg)

> [The strategy of semantic ascent is that it carries the discussion into a domain where both parties are better agreed on the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/the-strategy-of-semantic-ascent-is-that-it-carries-the-discussion/)

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[Ascending](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/ascending/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/df8/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_ascending_the-strategy-of-semantic-ascent-is-that_297480.jpg)

> [“As an empiricist I continue to think of the conceptual scheme of science as a tool, ultimately, for predicting future experience in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/as-an-empiricist-i-continue-to-think-of-the-conceptual-scheme-of/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Belief](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/belief/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9cc/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_belief_as-an-empiricist-i-continue-to-think-of_2725821.jpg)

> [“And so come the cults, claiming to meet the needs that science has thus far failed to meet--and offering the prospective inductee…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/and-so-come-the-cults-claiming-to-meet-the-needs-that-science-has/)

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[Pseudoscience](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/pseudoscience/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2cf/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_pseudoscience_and-so-come-the-cults-claiming-to-meet-t_1451342.jpg)

> [The line that I am urging as today's conventional wisdom is not a denial of consciousness. It is often called, with more…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/the-line-that-i-am-urging-as-today-s-conventional-wisdom-is-not-a/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Activity](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/activity/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/26a/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_activity_the-line-that-i-am-urging-as-today-s-con_114290.jpg)

> [The lore of our fathers is a fabric of sentences. In our hands it develops and changes, through more or less arbitrary…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/the-lore-of-our-fathers-is-a-fabric-of-sentences-in-our-hands-it/)

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[Arbitrary](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/arbitrary/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/6ea/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_arbitrary_the-lore-of-our-fathers-is-a-fabric-of-s_1295696.jpg)

> [ Just as the introduction of the irrational numbers ... is a convenient myth \[which\] simplifies the laws of arithmetic ... so physical… ](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/just-as-the-introduction-of-the-irrational-numbers-is-a-convenient/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Accounts](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/accounts/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/da9/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_accounts_just-as-the-introduction-of-the-irration_3191599.jpg)

> [Implication is thus the very texture of our web of belief, and logic is the theory that traces it.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/implication-is-thus-the-very-texture-of-our-web-of-belief-and-logic/)

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[Belief](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/belief/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/042/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_belief_implication-is-thus-the-very-texture-of_1124418.jpg)

> [We do not learn first what to talk about and then what to say about it.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/we-do-not-learn-first-what-to-talk-about-and-then-what-to-say-about-it/)

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[Education](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/education/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/817/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_education_we-do-not-learn-first-what-to-talk-about_960282.jpg)

> [No two of us learn our language alike, nor, in a sense, does any finish learning it while he lives.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/willard-van-orman-quine/no-two-of-us-learn-our-language-alike-nor-in-a-sense-does-any-finish/)

[Willard Van Orman Quine](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/willard-van-orman-quine/)

[Doe](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/doe/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9fc/willard-van-orman-quine-10137_doe_no-two-of-us-learn-our-language-alike-no_1619166.jpg)

## Willard Van Orman Quine by topic

[Science (13)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/science/willard-van-orman-quine/) [Language (11)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/language/willard-van-orman-quine/)

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                        "text": "English general and singular terms, identity, quantification, and the whole bag of ontological tricks may be correlated with elements of the native language in any of various mutually incompatible ways, each compatible with all possible linguistic data, and none preferable to another save as favored by a rationalization of the native language that is simple and natural to us.",
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                        "text": "... two men could be just alike in all their dispositions to verbal behavior under all possible sensory stimulations, and yet themeanings or ideas expressed in their identically triggered and identically sounding utterances could diverge radically, for the two men, in a wide range of cases.",
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                        "text": "For me the problem of induction is a problem about the world: a problem of how we, as we are now (by our present scientific lights), in a world we never made, should stand better than random, or coin-tossing chances changes of coming out right when we predict by inductions. . . .",
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                        "text": "The mastery of one's phonemes may be compared to the violinist's mastery of fingering. The violin string lends itself to a continuous gradation of tones, but the musician learns the discrete intervals at which to stop the string in order to play the conventional notes. We sound our phonemes like poor violinists, approximating each time to a fancied norm, and we receive our neighbor's renderings indulgently, mentally rectifying the more glaring inaccuracies.",
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                        "text": "The strategy of semantic ascent is that it carries the discussion into a domain where both parties are better agreed on the objects (viz., words) and on the main terms connecting them. Words, or their inscriptions, unlike points, miles, classes and the rest, are tangible objects of the size so popular in the marketplace, where men of unlike conceptual schemes communicate at their best. The strategy is one of ascending to a common part of two fundamentally disparate conceptual schemes, the better to discuss the disparate foundations. No wonder it helps in philosophy.",
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                        "text": "“As an empiricist I continue to think of the conceptual scheme of science as a tool, ultimately, for predicting future experience in the light of past experience. Physical objects are conceptually imported into the situation as convenient intermediaries-not by definition in terms of experience, but simply as irreducible posits comparable, epistemologically, to the gods of Homer. For my part I do, qua lay physicist, believe in physical objects and not in Homer's gods; and I consider it a scientific error to believe otherwise. But in point of epistemological footing the physical objects and the gods differ only in degree and not in kind. Both sorts of entities enter our conception only as cultural posits. The myth of physical objects is epistemologically superior to most in that it has proved more efficacious than other myths as a device for working a manageable structure into the flux of experience.”",
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                        "text": "“And so come the cults, claiming to meet the needs that science has thus far failed to meet--and offering the prospective inductee a place on the ground floor. Some cults may be harmless enough, but whenever false doctrine is propagated there is some cost. Many such doctrines are dressed up as science in their own right. For even though established science may be distrusted, \"science\" is still a thumps-up word for most people. So we find many of these theories borrowing liberally from genuine science, and many more using terms that sound, to the uninitiated, like the stuff of which true science is made. Now many of the bogus doctrines are actually unintelligible; their seeming content simply vanishes when closely scrutinized. But given the incomprehensibility of so much genuine science for so many of us, that very unintelligibility can be mistaken as a sign of authenticity. Alas, it can even inspire reverence.”",
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                        "text": "The line that I am urging as today's conventional wisdom is not a denial of consciousness. It is often called, with more reason, arepudiation of mind. It is indeed a repudiation of mind as a second substance, over and above body. It can be described less harshly as an identification of mind with some of the faculties, states, and activities of the body. Mental states and events are a special subclass of the states and events of the human or animal body.",
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                        "text": "The lore of our fathers is a fabric of sentences. In our hands it develops and changes, through more or less arbitrary and deliberate revisions and additions of our own, more or less directly occasioned by the continuing stimulation of our sense organs. It is a pale gray lore, black with fact and white with convention. But I have found no substantial reasons for concluding that there are any quite black threads in it, or any white ones.",
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                        "text": "Just as the introduction of the irrational numbers ... is a convenient myth [which] simplifies the laws of arithmetic ... so physical objects are postulated entities which round out and simplify our account of the flux of existence... The conceptional scheme of physical objects is [likewise] a convenient myth, simpler than the literal truth and yet containing that literal truth as a scattered part.",
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                        "text": "Implication is thus the very texture of our web of belief, and logic is the theory that traces it.",
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