---
title: "58 Sam Kean Quotes - Famous Writer (The disappearing spoon)"
description: "Sam Kean is an American writer. He has written for The New York Times Magazine, Mental Floss, Slate, Psychology Today, and The New Scientist. He has als..."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b021/author-sam-kean-82520.jpg"
---

![Portrait of Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b021/author-sam-kean-82520.jpg)

# Sam Kean

(1953)   Writer   United States

 **58** quotes in **213** categories

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Sam Kean is a writer from the United States, best known for *The disappearing spoon*.

## Quick Facts About Sam Kean

Born January 1, 1953

Nationality United States

Profession Writer

Notable works The disappearing spoon

## About Sam Kean

Sam Kean is an American writer. He has written for The New York Times Magazine, Mental Floss, Slate, Psychology Today, and The New Scientist. He has also published six books which discuss scientific discoveries in a narrative style. His books received positive reviews in The Wall Street Journal Library Journal, and The New York Times. He was born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and lives in Washington, D.C.

## Awards & Honors

James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry

##  Quotes by Sam Kean

> [“(Perhaps we all should be so lucky to read our own obituaries…)”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/perhaps-we-all-should-be-so-lucky-to-read-our-own-obituaries/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Lucky](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/lucky/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/193/sam-kean-10876_lucky_perhaps-we-all-should-be-so-lucky-to-rea_2269794.png)

> [Never underestimate spite as a motivator for genius.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/never-underestimate-spite-as-a-motivator-for-genius/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Genius](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/genius/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/4d4/sam-kean-10876_genius_never-underestimate-spite-as-a-motivator_2971435.png)

> [Iron is the final peal of a star’s natural life.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/iron-is-the-final-peal-of-a-star-s-natural-life/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Astronomy](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/astronomy/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/000/sam-kean-10876_astronomy_iron-is-the-final-peal-of-a-star-s-natur_2323062.png)

> [Art, in other words, betrays a sexy mental fitness.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/art-in-other-words-betrays-a-sexy-mental-fitness/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Art](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/art/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/343/sam-kean-10876_art_art-in-other-words-betrays-a-sexy-mental_1821645.png)

> [“For ages anthropologists lumped all African peoples into one ‘race,’ but the genetic truth is that the larger world’s diversity is more…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/for-ages-anthropologists-lumped-all-african-peoples-into-one-race-but/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Racism](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/racism/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/27b/sam-kean-10876_racism_for-ages-anthropologists-lumped-all-afri_3151267.png)

> [“Aluminium’s sixty-year reign as the world’s most precious substance was glorious, but soon an American chemist ruined everything.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/aluminium-s-sixty-year-reign-as-the-world-s-most-precious-substance/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Aluminium](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/aluminium/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/302/sam-kean-10876_aluminium_aluminium-s-sixty-year-reign-as-the-worl_1615095.png)

> [If anything runs deeper than a mathematician’s love of variables, it’s a scientist’s love of constants.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/if-anything-runs-deeper-than-a-mathematician-s-love-of-variables-it-s/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Constants](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/constants/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c31/sam-kean-10876_constants_if-anything-runs-deeper-than-a-mathemati_688710.png)

> [“Germans at the time believed, a little oddly, that dyes killed germs by turning the germs’ vital organs the wrong color.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/germans-at-the-time-believed-a-little-oddly-that-dyes-killed-germs-by/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Germany](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/germany/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/5e3/sam-kean-10876_germany_germans-at-the-time-believed-a-little-od_2034593.png)

> [“(In the 1920s, two Chicago chemists had to puree several thousand pounds of bull testicles from a stockyard to get a few…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/in-the-1920s-two-chicago-chemists-had-to-puree-several-thousand/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ca1/sam-kean-10876_bull-testicles_in-the-1920s-two-chicago-chemists-had-to_1954360.png)

> [“... thirteen aluminum atoms grouped together in the right way do a killer bromine, the two entities indistinguishable in chemical reactions.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/thirteen-aluminum-atoms-grouped-together-in-the-right-way-do-a-killer/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Right way](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/right-way/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/13d/sam-kean-10876_right-way_thirteen-aluminum-atoms-grouped-together_3160023.png)

> [“Polar bears began evolving their impressive vitamin A–fighting capabilities around 150,000 years ago, when small groups of Alaskan brown bears split off…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/polar-bears-began-evolving-their-impressive-vitamin-a-fighting/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Bears](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/bears/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/fbd/sam-kean-10876_bears_polar-bears-began-evolving-their-impress_1115202.png)

> [“Acid strength is measured by the pH scale, with lower numbers being stronger, and in 2005 a chemist from New Zealand invented…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/acid-strength-is-measured-by-the-ph-scale-with-lower-numbers-being/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/38a/sam-kean-10876_theory_acid-strength-is-measured-by-the-ph-scal_1631735.png)

> [“Yet they enjoy the high. In the surest sign that selenium actually makes them go mad, cattle grow addicted to locoweed despite…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/yet-they-enjoy-the-high-in-the-surest-sign-that-selenium-actually/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Addiction](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/addiction/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0e0/sam-kean-10876_addiction_yet-they-enjoy-the-high-in-the-surest-si_1309576.jpg)

> [“Since before even the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians, human beings used the stars and seasons to track time and record their most…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/since-before-even-the-ancient-egyptians-and-babylonians-human-beings/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Ancient egyptian](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/ancient-egyptian/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b8a/sam-kean-10876_ancient-egyptian_since-before-even-the-ancient-egyptians_596409.png)

> [“Also unlike a planet, an electron—if excited by heat or light—can leap from its low-energy shell to an empty, high-energy shell. The…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/also-unlike-a-planet-an-electron-if-excited-by-heat-or-light-can-leap/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Atoms](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/atoms/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ba0/sam-kean-10876_atoms_also-unlike-a-planet-an-electron-if-exci_2542800.png)

> [Because our lungs regularly deal with carbon dioxide, they see nothing wrong with absorbing its cousin, SiO2, which can be fatal. Many…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/because-our-lungs-regularly-deal-with-carbon-dioxide-they-see-nothing/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Asteroids](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/asteroids/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/601/sam-kean-10876_asteroids_because-our-lungs-regularly-deal-with-ca_2684992.png)

> [“ancestor. In fact, this clock tells us that all seven billion people alive today can trace their maternal lineage to one woman…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/ancestor-in-fact-this-clock-tells-us-that-all-seven-billion-people/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Ancestor](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/ancestor/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b43/sam-kean-10876_ancestor_ancestor-in-fact-this-clock-tells-us-tha_2113074.png)

> [“Alessandro Volta, an Italian count and the inspiration for the eponym “volt,” demonstrated this back around 1800 with a clever experiment. Volta…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/alessandro-volta-an-italian-count-and-the-inspiration-for-the-eponym/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Inspiration](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/inspiration/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8e4/sam-kean-10876_inspiration_alessandro-volta-an-italian-count-and-th_2871751.png)

> [“Jupiter instead cooled down below the threshold for fusion, but it maintained enough heat and mass and pressure to cram atoms very…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/jupiter-instead-cooled-down-below-the-threshold-for-fusion-but-it/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Chemical reactions](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/chemical-reactions/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/319/sam-kean-10876_chemical-reactions_jupiter-instead-cooled-down-below-the-th_2148208.png)

> [“Somehow, though, life turned that danger around, and this former poison became essential. It may sound trite, but this reversal always reminds…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/somehow-though-life-turned-that-danger-around-and-this-former-poison/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Crisis](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/crisis/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ce4/sam-kean-10876_crisis_somehow-though-life-turned-that-danger-a_570625.jpg)

> [“the navy brought an ark’s worth of animals to Bikini and distributed them among the target ships, to test the biological effects…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/the-navy-brought-an-ark-s-worth-of-animals-to-bikini-and-distributed/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Animals](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/animals/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e09/sam-kean-10876_animals_the-navy-brought-an-ark-s-worth-of-anima_657203.png)

> [“For his part, Mendeleev scanned Lecoq de Boisbaudran’s data on gallium and told the experimentalist, with no justification, that he must have…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/for-his-part-mendeleev-scanned-lecoq-de-boisbaudran-s-data-on-gallium/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Elements](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/elements/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/26e/sam-kean-10876_elements_for-his-part-mendeleev-scanned-lecoq-de_352123.jpg)

> [“But for years questions persisted about whether most cannibalism was religiously motivated and selective or culinary and routine. DNA suggests routine. Every…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/but-for-years-questions-persisted-about-whether-most-cannibalism-was/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Cannibalism](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/cannibalism/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/24c/sam-kean-10876_cannibalism_but-for-years-questions-persisted-about_1579616.png)

> [“Even a good, inveterate atheist like physicist Richard Feynman once said of the fine structure constant, “All good theoretical physicists put this…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/even-a-good-inveterate-atheist-like-physicist-richard-feynman-once/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/5a8/sam-kean-10876_feynman_even-a-good-inveterate-atheist-like-phys_2994856.jpg)

> [Lithium tweaks many mood-altering chemicals in the brain, and its effects are complicated. Most interesting, lithium seems to reset the body’s circadian…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/lithium-tweaks-many-mood-altering-chemicals-in-the-brain-and-its/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/390/sam-kean-10876_ambient_lithium-tweaks-many-mood-altering-chemic_1322536.png)

> [“Think of the most fussy science teacher you ever had. The one who docked your grade if the sixth decimal place in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/think-of-the-most-fussy-science-teacher-you-ever-had-the-one-who/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Amusing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/amusing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/636/sam-kean-10876_amusing_think-of-the-most-fussy-science-teacher_285490.jpg)

> [“Unlike modern pills, these hard antimony pills didn’t dissolve in the intestines, and the pills were considered so valuable that people rooted…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/unlike-modern-pills-these-hard-antimony-pills-didn-t-dissolve-in-the/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/700/sam-kean-10876_antimony_unlike-modern-pills-these-hard-antimony_932570.jpg)

> [“Lithium regulates the proteins that control the body’s inner clock. This clock runs, oddly, on DNA, inside special neurons deep in the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/lithium-regulates-the-proteins-that-control-the-body-s-inner-clock-2/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Lithium](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/lithium/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3dd/sam-kean-10876_lithium_lithium-regulates-the-proteins-that-cont_996118.png)

> [“Despite the earnest belief of most of his fans, Einstein did not win his Nobel Prize for the theory of relativity, special…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/despite-the-earnest-belief-of-most-of-his-fans-einstein-did-not-win/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/023/sam-kean-10876_albert-einstein_despite-the-earnest-belief-of-most-of-hi_200714.png)

> [“Fruit fly scientists, God bless ‘em, are the big exceptions. Morgan’s team always picked sensibly descriptive names for mutant genes, like ‘speck,’…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/fruit-fly-scientists-god-bless-em-are-the-big-exceptions-morgan-s/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e5e/sam-kean-10876_god-bless_fruit-fly-scientists-god-bless-em-are-th_895041.png)

> [“Lithium regulates the proteins that control the body’s inner clock. This clock runs, oddly, on DNA, inside special neurons deep in the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/lithium-regulates-the-proteins-that-control-the-body-s-inner-clock/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Depression](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/depression/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/386/sam-kean-10876_depression_lithium-regulates-the-proteins-that-cont_161165.jpg)

> [“In fact, his travelogues spend amazingly little time discussing his blindness. Only one passage stands out for its frank discussion of his…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/in-fact-his-travelogues-spend-amazingly-little-time-discussing-his/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Beauty](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/beauty/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/61a/sam-kean-10876_beauty_in-fact-his-travelogues-spend-amazingly_1202359.png)

> [Mendeleev, unlike the squeamish Meyer, had balls enough to predict that new elements would be dug up. Look harder, you chemists and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/mendeleev-unlike-the-squeamish-meyer-had-balls-enough-to-predict-that/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3c1/sam-kean-10876_balls_mendeleev-unlike-the-squeamish-meyer-had_95385.png)

> [“B2FH traces these various fusion reactions and explains the recipe for producing everything up to iron: it’s nothing less than evolution for…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/b2fh-traces-these-various-fusion-reactions-and-explains-the-recipe/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Elements](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/elements/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/cfc/sam-kean-10876_elements_b2fh-traces-these-various-fusion-reactio_3095682.png)

> [“All we know for sure is that if some astronomer turned a telescope to a far-off star cluster tonight and found incontrovertible…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/all-we-know-for-sure-is-that-if-some-astronomer-turned-a-telescope-to/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Astronomy](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/astronomy/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/6b3/sam-kean-10876_astronomy_all-we-know-for-sure-is-that-if-some-ast_2680946.png)

> [“When you do the math and examine how much energy is produced per atomic union, you find that fusing anything to iron’s…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/when-you-do-the-math-and-examine-how-much-energy-is-produced-per/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Atoms](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/atoms/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/263/sam-kean-10876_atoms_when-you-do-the-math-and-examine-how-muc_740208.jpg)

> [“If certain bacteria, fungi, or algae inch across something made of copper, they absorb copper atoms, which disrupt their metabolism (human cells…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/if-certain-bacteria-fungi-or-algae-inch-across-something-made-of/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Algae](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/algae/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/45b/sam-kean-10876_algae_if-certain-bacteria-fungi-or-algae-inch_515650.jpg)

> [“The irony is too rich not to point out. When arranging the different human races in tiers, from just below the angels…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/the-irony-is-too-rich-not-to-point-out-when-arranging-the-different/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Black skin](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/black-skin/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/70d/sam-kean-10876_black-skin_the-irony-is-too-rich-not-to-point-out-w_228388.png)

> [“Above all, we know that there’s a physical basis for every psychological attribute we have: if just the right spot gets damaged,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/above-all-we-know-that-there-s-a-physical-basis-for-every/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/666/sam-kean-10876_mental_above-all-we-know-that-there-s-a-physica_2437686.png)

> [“Sir Isaac Newton famously said that he had achieved everything by standing on the shoulders of giants—the scientific men whose findings he…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-kean/sir-isaac-newton-famously-said-that-he-had-achieved-everything-by/)

[Sam Kean](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-kean/)

[Periodic table](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/periodic-table/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a96/sam-kean-10876_periodic-table_sir-isaac-newton-famously-said-that-he-h_409998.png)

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                        "text": "“Alessandro Volta, an Italian count and the inspiration for the eponym “volt,” demonstrated this back around 1800 with a clever experiment. Volta had a number of volunteers form a chain and each pinch the tongue of one neighbor. The two end people then put their fingers on battery leads. Instantly, up and down the line, people tasted each other’s fingers as sour.”",
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                        "text": "“Jupiter instead cooled down below the threshold for fusion, but it maintained enough heat and mass and pressure to cram atoms very close together, to the point they stop behaving like the atoms we recognize on earth. Inside Jupiter, they enter a limbo of possibility between chemical and nuclear reactions, where planet-sized diamonds and oily hydrogen metal seem plausible.”",
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                        "text": "“Somehow, though, life turned that danger around, and this former poison became essential. It may sound trite, but this reversal always reminds me of that old chestnut about how the word “crisis” in Chinese is formed from two characters, one meaning danger and the other opportunity.”",
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                        "text": "“the navy brought an ark’s worth of animals to Bikini and distributed them among the target ships, to test the biological effects of atomic bombs. After this was announced, several thousand angry letters poured into U.S. government offices. Ninety people even volunteered to take the animals’ places, including the writer E. B. White and a prisoner in San Quentin who said he wanted to do society some good for a change.”",
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                        "text": "“For his part, Mendeleev scanned Lecoq de Boisbaudran’s data on gallium and told the experimentalist, with no justification, that he must have measured something wrong, because the density and weight of gallium differed from Mendeleev’s predictions. This betrays a flabbergasting amount of gall, but as science philosopher-historian Eric Scerri put it, Mendeleev always “was willing to bend nature to fit his grand philosophical scheme.” The only difference between Mendeleev and crackpottery is that Mendeleev was right: Lecoq de Boisbaudran soon retracted his data and published results that corroborated Mendeleev’s predictions.”",
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                        "text": "“But for years questions persisted about whether most cannibalism was religiously motivated and selective or culinary and routine. DNA suggests routine. Every known ethnic group worldwide has one of two genetic signatures that help our bodies fight off certain diseases that cannibals catch, especially mad-cow-like diseases that come from eating each other’s brains. This defensive DNA almost certainly wouldn’t have become fixed worldwide if it hadn’t once been all too necessary.”",
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                        "text": "“Even a good, inveterate atheist like physicist Richard Feynman once said of the fine structure constant, “All good theoretical physicists put this number up on their wall and worry about it…. It’s one of the greatest damn mysteries of physics: a magic number that comes to us with no understanding by man. You might say the ‘hand of God’ wrote that number, and we don’t know how He pushed His pencil.”",
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                        "text": "Lithium tweaks many mood-altering chemicals in the brain, and its effects are complicated. Most interesting, lithium seems to reset the body’s circadian rhythm, its inner clock. In normal people, ambient conditions, especially the sun, dictate their humors and determine when they are tuckered out for the day. They’re on a twenty-four-hour cycle. Bipolar people run on cycles independent of the sun. And run and run.",
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                        "text": "“Think of the most fussy science teacher you ever had. The one who docked your grade if the sixth decimal place in your answer was rounded incorrectly; who tucked in his periodic table T-shirt, corrected every student who said \"weight\" when he or she meant \"mass\", and made everyone, including himself, wear goggles even while mixing sugar water. Now try to imagine someone whom your teacher would hate for being anal-retentive. That is the kind of person who works for a bureau of standards and measurement.”",
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                        "text": "“Unlike modern pills, these hard antimony pills didn’t dissolve in the intestines, and the pills were considered so valuable that people rooted through fecal matter to retrieve and reuse them. Some lucky families even passed down laxatives from father to son. Perhaps for this reason, antimony found heavy work as a medicine, although it’s actually toxic. Mozart probably died from taking too much to combat a severe fever.”",
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                        "text": "“Lithium regulates the proteins that control the body’s inner clock. This clock runs, oddly, on DNA, inside special neurons deep in the brain. Special proteins attach to people’s DNA each morning, and after a fixed time they degrade and fall off. Sunlight resets the proteins over and over, so they hold on much longer. In fact, the proteins fall off only after darkness falls—at which point the brain should “notice” the bare DNA and stop producing stimulants. This process goes awry in manic-depressives because the proteins, despite the lack of sunlight, remain bound fast to their DNA. Their brains don’t realize they should stop revving.”",
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                        "text": "“Despite the earnest belief of most of his fans, Einstein did not win his Nobel Prize for the theory of relativity, special or general. He won for explaining a strange effect in quantum mechanics, the photoelectric effect. His solution provided the first real evidence that quantum mechanics wasn’t a crude stopgap for justifying anomalous experiments, but actually corresponds to reality. And the fact that Einstein came up with it is ironic for two reasons. One, as he got older and crustier, Einstein came to distrust quantum mechanics. Its statistical and deeply probabilistic nature sounded too much like gambling to him, and it prompted him to object that “God does not play dice with the universe.” He was wrong, and it’s too bad that most people have never heard the rejoinder by Niels Bohr: “Einstein! Stop telling God what to do.”",
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                        "text": "“Fruit fly scientists, God bless ‘em, are the big exceptions. Morgan’s team always picked sensibly descriptive names for mutant genes, like ‘speck,’ ‘beaded,’ ‘rudimentary,’ ‘white,’ and ‘abnormal.’ And this tradition continues today, as the names of most fruit fly genes eschew jargon and even shade whimsical… The ‘turnip’ gene makes flies stupid. ‘Tudor’ leaves males (as with Henry VIII) childless. ‘Cleopatra’ can kill flies when it interacts with another gene, ‘asp.’ ‘Cheap date’ leaves flies exceptionally tipsy after a sip of alcohol… And thankfully, this whimsy with names has inspired the occasional zinger in other areas of genetics… The backronym for the “POK erythroid myeloid ontogenic” gene in mice—‘pokemon’—nearly provoked a lawsuit, since the ‘pokemon’ gene (now known, sigh, as ‘zbtb7’) contributes to the spread of cancer, and the lawyers for the Pokemon media empire didn’t want their cute little pocket monsters confused with tumors.”",
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                        "text": "“Lithium regulates the proteins that control the body’s inner clock. This clock runs, oddly, on DNA, inside special neurons deep in the brain. Special proteins attach to people’s DNA each morning, and after a fixed time they degrade and fall off. Sunlight resets the proteins over and over, so they hold on much longer. In fact, the proteins fall off only after darkness falls—at which point the brain should “notice” the bare DNA and stop producing stimulants. This process goes awry in manic-depressives because the proteins, despite the lack of sunlight, remain bound fast to their DNA. Their brains don’t realize they should stop revving. Lithium helps cleave the proteins from DNA so people can wind down. Notice that sunlight still trumps lithium during the day and resets the proteins; it’s only when the sunlight goes away at night that lithium helps DNA shake free. Far from being sunshine in a pill, then, lithium acts as “anti-sunlight.” Neurologically, it undoes sunlight and thereby compresses the circadian clock back to twenty-four hours—preventing both the mania bubble from forming and the Black Tuesday crash into depression.”",
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