---
title: "Best Russell Kirk Quotes"
description: "Russell Amos Kirk was an American political philosopher, moralist, historian, social critic, literary critic, and novelist who influenced 20th century A..."
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---

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# Russell Kirk

(1918–1994)   Political Scientist   United States

 **96** quotes in **633** categories

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Russell Kirk was a political scientist from the United States, best known for *The conservative mind : from Burke to Eliot / Russell Kirk*.

## Quick Facts About Russell Kirk

Born October 19, 1918

Died April 29, 1994

Nationality United States

Profession Political Scientist

Notable works The conservative mind : from Burke to Eliot / Russell Kirk

## About Russell Kirk

Russell Amos Kirk was an American political philosopher, moralist, historian, social critic, literary critic, and novelist who influenced 20th century American conservatism. In 1953, he authored The Conservative Mind, which outlined and traced the development of socio-conservative thought in the works of Anglo-American tradition, such as those of Edmund Burke. The book helped establish the intellectual framework for a religious and humanistic understanding of conservatism in the postwar era. Kirk was the chief proponent of traditionalist conservatism.

## Awards & Honors

Guggenheim Fellowship Presidential Citizens Medal World Fantasy Award for Best Short Fiction

##  Quotes by Russell Kirk · Page 2

> [Common Reader for Everyday Ecologists](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/common-reader-for-everyday-ecologists/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e4a/russell-kirk-6909_common_common-reader-for-everyday-ecologists-71_719250.jpg)

> [Men cannot improve a society by setting fire to it: they must seek out its old virtues, and bring them back into…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/men-cannot-improve-a-society-by-setting-fire-to-it-they-must-seek-out/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Fire](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/fire/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a5f/russell-kirk-6909_fire_men-cannot-improve-a-society-by-setting_488986.jpg)

> [If the state - and within the state, the judiciary particularly - harasses and undermines the Church , in any society the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/if-the-state-and-within-the-state-the-judiciary-particularly-harasses/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Christian](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/christian/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/36e/russell-kirk-6909_christian_if-the-state-and-within-the-state-the-ju_2138986.jpg)

> [Life is for action, and if we desire to know anything, we must make up our minds to be ignorant about much.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/life-is-for-action-and-if-we-desire-to-know-anything-we-must-make-up/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Action](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/action/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/52d/russell-kirk-6909_action_life-is-for-action-and-if-we-desire-to-k_424915.jpg)

> [If you want to have order in the commonwealth, you first have to have order in the individual soul.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/if-you-want-to-have-order-in-the-commonwealth-you-first-have-to-have/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Commonwealth](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/commonwealth/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/089/russell-kirk-6909_commonwealth_if-you-want-to-have-order-in-the-commonw_679417.jpg)

> [Not by force of arms are civilizations held together, but by subtle threads of moral and intellectual principle.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/not-by-force-of-arms-are-civilizations-held-together-but-by-subtle/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/81a/russell-kirk-6909_arms_not-by-force-of-arms-are-civilizations-h_1903449.jpg)

> [“In America, the Federal Constitution has endured as the most sagacious conservative document in political history”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/in-america-the-federal-constitution-has-endured-as-the-most-sagacious/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Conservative](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/conservative/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/6cd/russell-kirk-6909_conservative_in-america-the-federal-constitution-has_3139988.jpg)

> [Locke contended that government originates out of the necessity for protecting property.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/locke-contended-that-government-originates-out-of-the-necessity-for/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Government](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/government/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f9e/russell-kirk-6909_government_locke-contended-that-government-originat_550191.jpg)

> [A just government maintains a healthy tension between the claims of authority and the claims of liberty.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/a-just-government-maintains-a-healthy-tension-between-the-claims-of/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Authority](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/authority/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a2f/russell-kirk-6909_authority_a-just-government-maintains-a-healthy-te_770284.jpg)

> [The aim of great books is ethical: to teach what it means to be a man. Every major form of literary art…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/the-aim-of-great-books-is-ethical-to-teach-what-it-means-to-be-a-man/)

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[Action](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/action/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e82/russell-kirk-6909_action_the-aim-of-great-books-is-ethical-to-tea_2286128.jpg)

> [We ought not to endeavor to revise history according to our latter day notions of what things ought to have been, or…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/we-ought-not-to-endeavor-to-revise-history-according-to-our-latter/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Endeavor](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/endeavor/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/556/russell-kirk-6909_endeavor_we-ought-not-to-endeavor-to-revise-histo_2183927.jpg)

> [Mine was not an Enlightened mind, I now was aware: it was a Gothic mind, medieval in its temper and structure. I…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/mine-was-not-an-enlightened-mind-i-now-was-aware-it-was-a-gothic-mind/)

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[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d3c/russell-kirk-6909_awful_mine-was-not-an-enlightened-mind-i-now-w_232733.jpg)

> [I am a conservative. Quite possibly I am on the losing side; often I think so. Yet, out of a curious perversity…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/i-am-a-conservative-quite-possibly-i-am-on-the-losing-side-often-i/)

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[Conservative](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/conservative/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1d6/russell-kirk-6909_conservative_i-am-a-conservative-quite-possibly-i-am_2996102.jpg)

> [The aim of any good constitution is to achieve in a society a high degree of political harmony, so that order and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/the-aim-of-any-good-constitution-is-to-achieve-in-a-society-a-high/)

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[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0cf/russell-kirk-6909_achieve_the-aim-of-any-good-constitution-is-to-a_1943565.jpg)

> [Some 'separation' zealots would expunge any vestige of religious observance in public schools. Many of the same anti-religious fanatics would like to…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/some-separation-zealots-would-expunge-any-vestige-of-religious/)

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[Anti religious](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/anti-religious/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e5b/russell-kirk-6909_anti-religious_some-separation-zealots-would-expunge-an_1900000.jpg)

> [“Because “we human beings are imaginative by nature, we cannot choose to live by the routine of the ant-heap. If deprived of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/because-we-human-beings-are-imaginative-by-nature-we-cannot-choose-to/)

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[Character](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/character/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/6d4/russell-kirk-6909_character_because-we-human-beings-are-imaginative_1502649.jpg)

> [Either order in the cosmos is real, or all is chaos. If we are adrift in chaos, then the fragile egalitarian doctrines…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/either-order-in-the-cosmos-is-real-or-all-is-chaos-if-we-are-adrift/)

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[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/173/russell-kirk-6909_adrift_either-order-in-the-cosmos-is-real-or-al_735708.jpg)

> [If men are discharged of reverence for ancient usage, they will treat this world, almost certainly, as if it were their private…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/if-men-are-discharged-of-reverence-for-ancient-usage-they-will-treat/)

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[Ancient](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/ancient/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/71a/russell-kirk-6909_ancient_if-men-are-discharged-of-reverence-for-a_332980.jpg)

> [True conformity to the dictates of nature requires reverence for the past and solicitude for the future. 'Nature' is not simply the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/true-conformity-to-the-dictates-of-nature-requires-reverence-for-the/)

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[Conformity](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/conformity/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/bbf/russell-kirk-6909_conformity_true-conformity-to-the-dictates-of-natur_2403352.jpg)

> [Even the wisest of mankind cannot live by reason alone; pure arrogant reason, denying the claims of prejudice (which commonly are also…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/even-the-wisest-of-mankind-cannot-live-by-reason-alone-pure-arrogant/)

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[Arrogant](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/arrogant/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c7c/russell-kirk-6909_arrogant_even-the-wisest-of-mankind-cannot-live-b_1967891.jpg)

> [“Demosthenes, the great Athenian patriot, cried out to his countrymen when they seemed too confused and divided to stand against the tyranny…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/demosthenes-the-great-athenian-patriot-cried-out-to-his-countrymen/)

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[Eleventh hour](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/eleventh-hour/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ec5/russell-kirk-6909_too-late_demosthenes-the-great-athenian-patriot-c_1050373.jpg)

> [“Libertarians (like anarchists and Marxists) generally believe that human nature is good, though damaged by certain social institutions. Conservatives, on the contrary,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/libertarians-like-anarchists-and-marxists-generally-believe-that/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Good and evil](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/good-and-evil/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3b3/russell-kirk-6909_good-and-evil_libertarians-like-anarchists-and-marxist_1569453.jpg)

> [“The American Constitution is a practical secular covenant, drawn up by men who (with few exceptions) believed in a sacred Covenant, designed…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/the-american-constitution-is-a-practical-secular-covenant-drawn-up-by/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[American constitution](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/american-constitution/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2df/russell-kirk-6909_american-constitutio_the-american-constitution-is-a-practical_2011300.jpg)

> [“The Conservative Mind describes a cast of intellect or a type of character, an inclination to cherish the permanent things in human…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/the-conservative-mind-describes-a-cast-of-intellect-or-a-type-of/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Conservative](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/conservative/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c6f/russell-kirk-6909_human-existence_the-conservative-mind-describes-a-cast-o_342306.jpg)

> [The automobile, practical since 1906, was proceeding to disintegrate and stamp anew the pattern of communication, manners, and city life in the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/the-automobile-practical-since-1906-was-proceeding-to-disintegrate/)

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[Absolutes](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/absolutes/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7e3/russell-kirk-6909_absolutes_the-automobile-practical-since-1906-was_1695904.jpg)

> [ “\[A\] people needs to understand what freedom is. We Americans are fortunate that the Founders and their generation possessed that understanding. They… ](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/a-people-needs-to-understand-what-freedom-is-we-americans-are/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ada/russell-kirk-6909_common-law_a-people-needs-to-understand-what-freedo_2205440.jpg)

> [“Those who neglect the roots of order, one may add, are compelled to water those roots desperately—after wandering in the parched wasteland…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/those-who-neglect-the-roots-of-order-one-may-add-are-compelled-to/)

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[Brave new world](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/brave-new-world/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/969/russell-kirk-6909_brave-new-world_those-who-neglect-the-roots-of-order-one_442855.jpg)

> [ “\[T\]he just society is one in which each man may seek the things which belong to his nature. By contrast, a system… ](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/t-he-just-society-is-one-in-which-each-man-may-seek-the-things-which/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[American society](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/american-society/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/6df/russell-kirk-6909_american-society_t-he-just-society-is-one-in-which-each-m_1855898.jpg)

> [“Two centuries ago, the United States settled into a permanent political order, after fourteen years of violence and heated debate. Two centuries…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/two-centuries-ago-the-united-states-settled-into-a-permanent/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[American history](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/american-history/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/77e/russell-kirk-6909_american-history_two-centuries-ago-the-united-states-sett_2006003.jpg)

> [ “Men are put into this world, he \[the enlightened conservative\] realizes, to struggle, to suffer, to contend against the evil that is… ](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/men-are-put-into-this-world-he-the-enlightened-conservative-realizes/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Dante](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/dante/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8f1/russell-kirk-6909_love_men-are-put-into-this-world-he-the-enlig_208424.jpg)

> [“What is the object of human life? The enlightened conservative does not believe that the end or aim of life is competition;…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/what-is-the-object-of-human-life-the-enlightened-conservative-does/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Conservatism](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/conservatism/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/6fa/russell-kirk-6909_conservatism_what-is-the-object-of-human-life-the-enl_1134731.jpg)

> [Ordinary human laws are the means - however imperfect - by which we express our understanding of the enduring moral law.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/ordinary-human-laws-are-the-means-however-imperfect-by-which-we/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/668/russell-kirk-6909_endure_ordinary-human-laws-are-the-means-howeve_2128763.jpg)

> [“Burke, could he see our century, never would concede that a consumption-society is the end for which Providence has prepared man.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/burke-could-he-see-our-century-never-would-concede-that-a-consumption/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8ea/russell-kirk-6909_burke_burke-could-he-see-our-century-never-wou_490815.jpg)

> [A society which denies the heart its role becomes, in very short order, a heartless society.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/a-society-which-denies-the-heart-its-role-becomes-in-very-short-order/)

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[Community](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/community/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/513/russell-kirk-6909_community_a-society-which-denies-the-heart-its-rol_2341522.jpg)

> [“...there are enduring standards superior to our petty private stock of rationality.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/there-are-enduring-standards-superior-to-our-petty-private-stock-of/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Investing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/investing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/223/russell-kirk-6909_investing_there-are-enduring-standards-superior-to_1773951.jpg)

> [The issue of environmental quality is one which transcends traditional political boundaries. It is a cause which can attract, and very sincerely,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/the-issue-of-environmental-quality-is-one-which-transcends/)

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[Boundaries](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/boundaries/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7fa/russell-kirk-6909_boundaries_the-issue-of-environmental-quality-is-on_1004533.jpg)

> [“Any informed conservative is reluctant to condense profound and intricate intellectual systems to a few pretentious phrases; he prefers to leave that…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/any-informed-conservative-is-reluctant-to-condense-profound-and/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Conservatism](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/conservatism/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/65d/russell-kirk-6909_conservatism_any-informed-conservative-is-reluctant-t_506638.jpg)

> [“Global environmentalists have said and written enough to leave no doubt that their goal is to destroy the prosperous economies of the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/global-environmentalists-have-said-and-written-enough-to-leave-no/)

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[Conservatism](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/conservatism/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0be/russell-kirk-6909_conservatism_global-environmentalists-have-said-and-w_1934333.jpg)

> [Every right is married to a duty; every freedom owes a corresponding responsibility; and there cannot be genuine freedom unless there exists…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/every-right-is-married-to-a-duty-every-freedom-owes-a-corresponding-2/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/11a/russell-kirk-6909_corresponding_every-right-is-married-to-a-duty-every-f_2968378.jpg)

> [“All my days I have done evil. Knowing godhood thrice, no man can endure wholly sane. At one period of my existence…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russell-kirk/all-my-days-i-have-done-evil-knowing-godhood-thrice-no-man-can-endure/)

[Russell Kirk](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russell-kirk/)

[Evil](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/evil/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a07/russell-kirk-6909_quote_all-my-days-i-have-done-evil-knowing-god_1187091.jpg)

## Russell Kirk by topic

[Conservative (29)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/conservative/russell-kirk/) [Men (16)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/men/russell-kirk/) [Freedom (12)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/freedom/russell-kirk/) [Nature (11)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/nature/russell-kirk/) [Life (11)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/life/russell-kirk/) [Politics (10)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/politics/russell-kirk/) [Order (10)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/order/russell-kirk/) [Conservatism (10)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/conservatism/russell-kirk/)

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                        "text": "I am a conservative. Quite possibly I am on the losing side; often I think so. Yet, out of a curious perversity I had rather lose with Socrates, let us say, than win with Lenin.",
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                        "text": "Some 'separation' zealots would expunge any vestige of religious observance in public schools. Many of the same anti-religious fanatics would like to wipe out of existence all church-related schools, by regulation or taxation, so that universal ignorance of the life of spirit should prevail.",
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                        "text": "If men are discharged of reverence for ancient usage, they will treat this world, almost certainly, as if it were their private property, to be consumed for their sensual gratification; and thus they will destroy in their lust for enjoyment the property of future generations, of their own contemporaries, and indeed their very own capital.",
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                        "text": "True conformity to the dictates of nature requires reverence for the past and solicitude for the future. 'Nature' is not simply the sensation of the passing moment; it is eternal, though we evanescent men experience only a fragment of it. We have no right to imperil the happiness of posterity by impudently tinkering with the heritage of humanity.",
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                        "text": "Even the wisest of mankind cannot live by reason alone; pure arrogant reason, denying the claims of prejudice (which commonly are also the claims of conscience), leads to a wasteland of withered hopes and crying loneliness, empty of God and man: the wilderness in which Satan tempted Christ was not more dreadful than the arid expanse of intellectual vanity deprived of tradition and intuition, where modern man is tempted by his own pride.",
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                        "text": "“Demosthenes, the great Athenian patriot, cried out to his countrymen when they seemed too confused and divided to stand against the tyranny of Macedonia: “In God's name, I beg of you to think.” For a long while, most Athenians ridiculed Demosthenes’ entreaty: Macedonia was a great way distant, and there was plenty of time. Only at the eleventh hour did the Athenians perceive the truth of his exhortations. And that eleventh hour was too late. So it may be with Americans today. If we are too indolent to think, we might as well surrender to our enemies tomorrow.”",
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                        "text": "“Libertarians (like anarchists and Marxists) generally believe that human nature is good, though damaged by certain social institutions. Conservatives, on the contrary, hold that \"in Adam's fall we sinned all\": human nature, though compounded of both good and evil, is irremediably flawed; so the perfection of society is impossible, all human beings being imperfect.”",
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                        "text": "“The American Constitution is a practical secular covenant, drawn up by men who (with few exceptions) believed in a sacred Covenant, designed to restrain the human tendencies toward violence and fraud; the American Constitution is a fundamental law deliberately meant to place checks upon will and appetite.”",
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                        "text": "“The Conservative Mind describes a cast of intellect or a type of character, an inclination to cherish the permanent things in human existence. On many prudential questions, and on some general principles, conservatives may disagree from time to time among themselves; so this book offers a certain diversity of opinions. Yet the folk called \"conservative\" join in resistance to the destruction of old patterns of life, damage to the footings of the civil social order, and reduction of human striving to material production and consumption.”",
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                        "text": "The automobile, practical since 1906, was proceeding to disintegrate and stamp anew the pattern of communication, manners, and city life in the United States, by 1918; before long, men would begin to see that the automobile, and the mass production techniques which made its possible, could alter the national character and morality more thoroughly than could the most absolute of tyrants. As a mechanical Jacobin, it rivaled the dynamo. The productive process which made these vehicles cheap was still more subversive of the old ways than was the gasoline engine itself.",
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                        "text": "“[A] people needs to understand what freedom is. We Americans are fortunate that the Founders and their generation possessed that understanding. They knew that freedom, per se, is not enough. They knew that freedom must be limited to be preserved. This paradox is difficult for many students to grasp. Young people generally think freedom means authority figures leaving them alone so they can \"do their own thing.\" That's part of what it means to be free, but true freedom involves much, much more. As understood by our Founders and by the best minds of the young republic, true freedom is always conditioned by morality. John Adams wrote, \"I would define liberty as a power to do as we would be done by.\" In other words, freedom is not the power to do what one can, but what one ought. Duty always accompanies liberty. Tocqueville similarly observed, \"No free communities ever existed without morals.\" The best minds concur: there must be borders: freedom must be limited to be preserved. What kinds of limits are we talking about? * The moral limits of right and wrong, which we did not invent but owe largely to our Judeo-Christian heritage. * Intellectual limits imposed by sound reasoning. Again, we did not invent these but are in debt largely to Greco-Roman civilization, from the pre-Socratic philosophers forward. * Political limits such as the rule of law, inalienable rights, and representative institutions, which we inherited primarily from the British. * Legal limits of the natural and common law, which we also owe to our Western heritage. * Certain social limits, which are extremely important to the survival of freedom. These are the habits of our hearts--good manners, kindness, decency, and willingness to put others first, among other things--which are learned in our homes and places of worship, at school and in team sports, and in other social settings. All these limits complement each other and make a good society possible. But they cannot be taken for granted. It takes intellectual and moral leadership to make the case that such limits are important. Our Founders did that. To an exceptional degree, their words tutored succeeding generations in the ways of liberty. It is to America's everlasting credit that our Founders got freedom right.”",
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                        "text": "“Those who neglect the roots of order, one may add, are compelled to water those roots desperately—after wandering in the parched wasteland of disorder. Upon our knowledge of those roots may depend what sort of order America and the world will have by the end of this century. It may be the order of Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, rich and dehumanized; it may be the garrison-state controlled by ferocious ideology, as in George Orwell's Nineteen-Eighty-Four; or it may be an order renewed and improved, yet recognizably linked with the order that arose in Jerusalem, Athens, Rome, and London.”",
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                        "text": "“[T]he just society is one in which each man may seek the things which belong to his nature. By contrast, a system of economic totalitarianism treats the industrious and the idle, the able and the stupid, as if they were alike--which is contrary to the laws of justice. . . . American society is imperfect; but all human societies are imperfect in some degree. The American economy has its faults; but they are faults that may be modified. A free economy, because of its opportunities for choice and competition, has always within it the possibilities of improvement; it does not repress the reformer. But a totalitarian economy, hostile to any sort of criticism, founded on envy and terror, cannot amend its ways without ceasing to be; it leaves no room for prudent reformation. When something in a free economy goes wrong, there is temporary trouble, but the variety of talents and the elasticity of the economic structure make mending fairly easy. When, however, something in a totalitarian economy goes wrong, there is general and serious suffering, because the master-plan of the regimented economy is inelastic and arbitrary. The free economy, in such conditions, penalizes only a few by loss of profit, or resort to bankruptcy. But when the totalitarian economy is brought to account for its mistakes, it seeks scapegoats; and the concentration camp substitutes for the bankruptcy-court.”",
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                        "text": "“Two centuries ago, the United States settled into a permanent political order, after fourteen years of violence and heated debate. Two centuries ago, France fell into ruinous disorder that ran its course for twenty-four years. In both countries there resounded much ardent talk of rights--rights natural, rights prescriptive. . . . [F]anatic ideology had begun to rage within France, so that not one of the liberties guaranteed by the Declaration of the Rights of Man could be enjoyed by France's citizens. One thinks of the words of Dostoievski: \"To begin with unlimited liberty is to end with unlimited despotism.\" . . . In striking contrast, the twenty-two senators and fifty-nine representatives who during the summer of 1789 debated the proposed seventeen amendments to the Constitution were men of much experience in representative government, experience acquired within the governments of their several states or, before 1776, in colonial assembles and in the practice of the law. Many had served in the army during the Revolution. They decidedly were political realists, aware of how difficult it is to govern men's passions and self-interest. . . . Among most of them, the term democracy was suspect. The War of Independence had sufficed them by way of revolution. . . . The purpose of law, they knew, is to keep the peace. To that end, compromises must be made among interests and among states. Both Federalists and Anti-Federalists ranked historical experience higher than novel theory. They suffered from no itch to alter American society radically; they went for sound security. The amendments constituting what is called the Bill of Rights were not innovations, but rather restatements of principles at law long observed in Britain and in the thirteen colonies. . . . The Americans who approved the first ten amendments to their Constitution were no ideologues. Neither Voltaire nor Rousseau had any substantial following among them. Their political ideas, with few exceptions, were those of English Whigs. The typical textbook in American history used to inform us that Americans of the colonial years and the Revolutionary and Constitutional eras were ardent disciples of John Locke. This notion was the work of Charles A. Beard and Vernon L. Parrington, chiefly. It fitted well enough their liberal convictions, but . . . it has the disadvantage of being erroneous. . . . They had no set of philosophes inflicted upon them. Their morals they took, most of them, from the King James Bible and the Book of Common Prayer. Their Bill of Rights made no reference whatever to political abstractions; the Constitution itself is perfectly innocent of speculative or theoretical political arguments, so far as its text is concerned. John Dickinson, James Madison, James Wilson, Alexander Hamilton, George Mason, and other thoughtful delegates to the Convention in 1787 knew something of political theory, but they did not put political abstractions into the text of the Constitution. . . . Probably most members of the First Congress, being Christian communicants of one persuasion or another, would have been dubious about the doctrine that every man should freely indulge himself in whatever is not specifically prohibited by positive law and that the state should restrain only those actions patently \"hurtful to society.\" Nor did Congress then find it necessary or desirable to justify civil liberties by an appeal to a rather vague concept of natural law . . . . Two centuries later, the provisions of the Bill of Rights endure--if sometimes strangely interpreted. Americans have known liberty under law, ordered liberty, for more than two centuries, while states that have embraced the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, with its pompous abstractions, have paid the penalty in blood.”",
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