---
title: "55 Richard Hofstadter Quotes - Famous Historian (Anti-intellectualism in American life)"
description: "Richard Hofstadter was an American historian and public intellectual. Hofstadter was the DeWitt Clinton Professor of American History at Columbia Univer..."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b089/author-richard-hofstadter-12288.jpg"
---

![Portrait of Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b089/author-richard-hofstadter-12288.jpg)

# Richard Hofstadter

(1916–1970)   Historian

 **55** quotes in **348** categories

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Richard Hofstadter was a historian, best known for *Anti-intellectualism in American life*.

## Quick Facts About Richard Hofstadter

Born August 6, 1916

Died October 24, 1970

Profession Historian

Notable works Anti-intellectualism in American life

## About Richard Hofstadter

Richard Hofstadter was an American historian and public intellectual. Hofstadter was the DeWitt Clinton Professor of American History at Columbia University. Rejecting his earlier historical materialist approach to history, in the 1950s he came closer to the concept of "consensus history", and was epitomized by some of his admirers as the "iconic historian of postwar liberal consensus." Others see in his work an early critique of the one-dimensional society, since he was equally critical of socialist and capitalist models of society, and bemoaned the "consensus" within the society as "bounded by the horizons of property and entrepreneurship", criticizing the "hegemonic liberal capitalist culture running throughout the course of American history".

##  Quotes by Richard Hofstadter

> [It is a poor head that cannot find plausible reason for doing what the heart wants to do.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/it-is-a-poor-head-that-cannot-find-plausible-reason-for-doing-what/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Heart](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/heart/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f22/richard-hofstadter-12288_heart_it-is-a-poor-head-that-cannot-find-plaus_543652.png)

> [Intellect is neither practical nor impractical; it is extra-practical.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/intellect-is-neither-practical-nor-impractical-it-is-extra-practical/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ade/richard-hofstadter-12288_extras_intellect-is-neither-practical-nor-impra_2969027.png)

> [“There seems to be such a thing as the generically prejudiced mind. Studies”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/there-seems-to-be-such-a-thing-as-the-generically-prejudiced-mind/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Prejudice](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/prejudice/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/997/richard-hofstadter-12288_prejudice_there-seems-to-be-such-a-thing-as-the-ge_2228620.png)

> [Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/intellect-is-resented-as-a-form-of-power-or-privilege/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d69/richard-hofstadter-12288_form_intellect-is-resented-as-a-form-of-power_1517784.png)

> [“the product of a freed people that have not the spirit to be free.… We”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/the-product-of-a-freed-people-that-have-not-the-spirit-to-be-free-we/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a99/richard-hofstadter-12288_freed_the-product-of-a-freed-people-that-have_2684445.png)

> [“The truly creative mind is hardly ever so much alone as when it is trying to be sociable. The”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/the-truly-creative-mind-is-hardly-ever-so-much-alone-as-when-it-is/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Creative mind](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/creative-mind/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a61/richard-hofstadter-12288_creative-mind_the-truly-creative-mind-is-hardly-ever-s_353315.png)

> [The tradition of the new. Yesterday's avant-gard-experiment is today's chic and tomorrow's cliche.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/the-tradition-of-the-new-yesterday-s-avant-gard-experiment-is-today-s/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f67/richard-hofstadter-12288_chic_the-tradition-of-the-new-yesterday-s-ava_1915054.png)

> [“Once great men created fortunes; today a great system creates fortunate men.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/once-great-men-created-fortunes-today-a-great-system-creates/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Great men](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/great-men/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/99c/richard-hofstadter-12288_great-men_once-great-men-created-fortunes-today-a_2142852.png)

> [We are all sufferers from history, but the paranoid is a double sufferer, since he is afflicted not only by the real…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/we-are-all-sufferers-from-history-but-the-paranoid-is-a-double/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Fantasy](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/fantasy/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/503/richard-hofstadter-12288_fantasy_we-are-all-sufferers-from-history-but-th_2393500.jpg)

> [“...the danger that American society as a whole will over-esteem intellect or assign it such a transcendent value as to displace other…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/the-danger-that-american-society-as-a-whole-will-over-esteem/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[American society](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/american-society/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/628/richard-hofstadter-12288_american-society_the-danger-that-american-society-as-a-wh_973801.png)

> [We have learned so well how to absorb novelty that receptivity itself has turned into a kind of tradition- "the tradition of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/we-have-learned-so-well-how-to-absorb-novelty-that-receptivity-itself/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Avant garde](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/avant-garde/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/970/richard-hofstadter-12288_avant-garde_we-have-learned-so-well-how-to-absorb-no_1573283.png)

> [It is ironic that the United States should have been founded by intellectuals, for throughout most of our political history, the intellectual…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/it-is-ironic-that-the-united-states-should-have-been-founded-by/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Intellectual](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/intellectual/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ff3/richard-hofstadter-12288_intellectual_it-is-ironic-that-the-united-states-shou_2210398.jpg)

> [The intellectual is engage-he is pledged, committed, enlisted. What everyone else is willing to admit, namely that ideas and abstractions are of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/the-intellectual-is-engage-he-is-pledged-committed-enlisted-what/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Abstraction](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/abstraction/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/178/richard-hofstadter-12288_abstraction_the-intellectual-is-engage-he-is-pledged_2062029.jpg)

> [To the reactionary ear every whispered criticism of the elite classes has always sounded like the opening shot of an uprising.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/to-the-reactionary-ear-every-whispered-criticism-of-the-elite-classes/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Class](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/class/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/15f/richard-hofstadter-12288_class_to-the-reactionary-ear-every-whispered-c_1857462.png)

> [The nation seems to slouch onward into its uncertain future like some huge inarticulate beast, too much attainted by wounds and ailments…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/the-nation-seems-to-slouch-onward-into-its-uncertain-future-like-some/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Ailments](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/ailments/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7ee/richard-hofstadter-12288_ailments_the-nation-seems-to-slouch-onward-into-i_2740724.png)

> [A university's essential character is that of being a center of free inquiry and criticism - a thing not to be sacrificed…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/a-university-s-essential-character-is-that-of-being-a-center-of-free/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Character](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/character/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/10d/richard-hofstadter-12288_character_a-university-s-essential-character-is-th_1214621.png)

> [In using the terms play and playfulness, I do not intend to suggest any lack of seriousness; quite the contrary. Anyone who…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/in-using-the-terms-play-and-playfulness-i-do-not-intend-to-suggest/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Adults](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/adults/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/837/richard-hofstadter-12288_adults_in-using-the-terms-play-and-playfulness_2332929.png)

> [The utopia of the Populists was in the past, not in the future. According to the agrarian myth, the health of the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/the-utopia-of-the-populists-was-in-the-past-not-in-the-future/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Age](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/age/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ebf/richard-hofstadter-12288_age_the-utopia-of-the-populists-was-in-the-p_3226513.png)

> [“As a consequence, the heartland of America, filled with people who are often fundamentalist in religion, nativist in prejudice, isolationist in foreign…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/as-a-consequence-the-heartland-of-america-filled-with-people-who-are/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Fundamentalist](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/fundamentalist/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b1c/richard-hofstadter-12288_fundamentalist_as-a-consequence-the-heartland-of-americ_1520495.png)

> [It is the historic glory of the intellectual class of the West in modern times that, of all the classes which could…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/it-is-the-historic-glory-of-the-intellectual-class-of-the-west-in/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Class](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/class/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3bd/richard-hofstadter-12288_class_it-is-the-historic-glory-of-the-intellec_1233180.png)

> [The delicate thing about the university is that it has a mixed character, that it is suspended between its position in the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/the-delicate-thing-about-the-university-is-that-it-has-a-mixed/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Character](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/character/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/aa0/richard-hofstadter-12288_character_the-delicate-thing-about-the-university_1440042.png)

> [To the zealot overcome by his piety and to the journeyman of ideas concerned only with his marketable mental skills, the beginning…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/to-the-zealot-overcome-by-his-piety-and-to-the-journeyman-of-ideas/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Beginnings and ends](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/beginnings-and-ends/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ebe/richard-hofstadter-12288_beginnings-and-ends_to-the-zealot-overcome-by-his-piety-and_1408541.png)

> [One of the primary tests of the mood of a society at any given time is whether its comfortable people tend to…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/one-of-the-primary-tests-of-the-mood-of-a-society-at-any-given-time/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Achievement](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/achievement/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/574/richard-hofstadter-12288_achievement_one-of-the-primary-tests-of-the-mood-of_2025970.jpg)

> [ Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., in a mordant protest written soon after the \[1952\] election, found the intellectual "in a situation he has not… ](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/arthur-schlesinger-jr-in-a-mordant-protest-written-soon-after-the/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a5d/richard-hofstadter-12288_arthur_arthur-schlesinger-jr-in-a-mordant-prote_3026387.png)

> [“When one considers American history as a whole, it is hard to think of any very long period in which it could…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/when-one-considers-american-history-as-a-whole-it-is-hard-to-think-of/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[American history](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/american-history/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/595/richard-hofstadter-12288_american-history_when-one-considers-american-history-as-a_980885.png)

> [The American farmer, whose holdings were not so extensive as those of the grandee nor so tiny as those of the peasant,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/the-american-farmer-whose-holdings-were-not-so-extensive-as-those-of/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[America](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/america/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/123/richard-hofstadter-12288_america_the-american-farmer-whose-holdings-were_1872529.jpg)

> [“Any historian of warfare knows that it is in good part a comedy of errors and a museum of incompetence; but if…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/any-historian-of-warfare-knows-that-it-is-in-good-part-a-comedy-of/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[High places](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/high-places/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/698/richard-hofstadter-12288_high-places_any-historian-of-warfare-knows-that-it-i_2986016.png)

> [“As a member of the avant-garde who is capable of perceiving the conspiracy before it is fully obvious to an as yet…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/as-a-member-of-the-avant-garde-who-is-capable-of-perceiving-the/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Leadership](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/leadership/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/aea/richard-hofstadter-12288_leadership_as-a-member-of-the-avant-garde-who-is-ca_1194324.png)

> [“To those who suspect that intellect is a subversive force in society, it will not do to reply that intellect is really…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/to-those-who-suspect-that-intellect-is-a-subversive-force-in-society/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Anti-intellectualism](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/anti-intellectualism/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c71/richard-hofstadter-12288_anti-intellectualism_to-those-who-suspect-that-intellect-is-a_2606603.jpg)

> [It has been our fate as a nation not to have ideologies but to be one.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/it-has-been-our-fate-as-a-nation-not-to-have-ideologies-but-to-be-one/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Destiny](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/destiny/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e9f/richard-hofstadter-12288_destiny_it-has-been-our-fate-as-a-nation-not-to_348455.png)

> [To be confronted with a simple and unqualified evil is no doubt a kind of luxury…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/to-be-confronted-with-a-simple-and-unqualified-evil-is-no-doubt-a/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Doubt](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/doubt/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/418/richard-hofstadter-12288_doubt_to-be-confronted-with-a-simple-and-unqua_977500.png)

> [The role of third parties is to sting like a bee, then die.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/the-role-of-third-parties-is-to-sting-like-a-bee-then-die/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Bees](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/bees/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/43d/richard-hofstadter-12288_bees_the-role-of-third-parties-is-to-sting-li_1986337.png)

> [Anti-Catholicism has always been the pornography of the Puritan.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/anti-catholicism-has-always-been-the-pornography-of-the-puritan/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Catholicism](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/catholicism/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e6b/richard-hofstadter-12288_catholicism_anti-catholicism-has-always-been-the-por_17230.png)

> [“purity of a sort is easily had where responsibilities are not assumed. The”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/purity-of-a-sort-is-easily-had-where-responsibilities-are-not-assumed/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Purity](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/purity/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ab8/richard-hofstadter-12288_purity_purity-of-a-sort-is-easily-had-where-res_133565.png)

> [Intellectualism, though by no means confined to doubters, is often the sole piety of the skeptic.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/intellectualism-though-by-no-means-confined-to-doubters-is-often-the/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/897/richard-hofstadter-12288_confined_intellectualism-though-by-no-means-confi_2388323.png)

> [“They thought man was a creature of rapacious self-interest, and yet they wanted him to be free- free, in essence, to contend,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/they-thought-man-was-a-creature-of-rapacious-self-interest-and-yet/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Evil](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/evil/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e0f/richard-hofstadter-12288_evil_they-thought-man-was-a-creature-of-rapac_522821.png)

> [It is a part of the intellectual's tragedy that the things he most values about himself and his work are quite unlike…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/it-is-a-part-of-the-intellectual-s-tragedy-that-the-things-he-most/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Inspirational](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/inspirational/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f29/richard-hofstadter-12288_inspirational_it-is-a-part-of-the-intellectual-s-trage_193539.png)

> [“Get action, do things; be sane,” he once raved, “don’t fritter away your time; create, act, take a place wherever you are…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/get-action-do-things-be-sane-he-once-raved-don-t-fritter-away-your/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Action](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/action/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d11/richard-hofstadter-12288_action_get-action-do-things-be-sane-he-once-rav_1252420.png)

> [To be sick and helpless is a humiliating experience. Prolonged illness also carries the hazard of narcissistic self-absorption.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/to-be-sick-and-helpless-is-a-humiliating-experience-prolonged-illness/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/38c/richard-hofstadter-12288_absorption_to-be-sick-and-helpless-is-a-humiliating_650959.png)

> [“they found it easier to reject what they could not have than to admit the lack of it as a deficiency in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/richard-hofstadter/they-found-it-easier-to-reject-what-they-could-not-have-than-to-admit/)

[Richard Hofstadter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/richard-hofstadter/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/559/richard-hofstadter-12288_deficiency_they-found-it-easier-to-reject-what-they_3085007.png)

## Richard Hofstadter by topic

[Intellectual (10)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/intellectual/richard-hofstadter/)

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                        "text": "To the reactionary ear every whispered criticism of the elite classes has always sounded like the opening shot of an uprising.",
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                        "text": "The nation seems to slouch onward into its uncertain future like some huge inarticulate beast, too much attainted by wounds and ailments to be robust, but too strong and resourceful to succumb.",
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                        "text": "In using the terms play and playfulness, I do not intend to suggest any lack of seriousness; quite the contrary. Anyone who has watched children, or adults, at play will recognize that there is no contradiction between play and seriousness, and that some forms of play induce a measure of grave concentration not so readily called forth by work.",
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                        "text": "The utopia of the Populists was in the past, not in the future. According to the agrarian myth, the health of the state was proportionate to the degree to which it was dominated by the agricultural class, and this assumption pointed to the superiority of an earlier age.",
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                        "text": "“As a consequence, the heartland of America, filled with people who are often fundamentalist in religion, nativist in prejudice, isolationist in foreign policy, and conservative in economics, has constantly rumbled with an underground revolt against all these tormenting manifestations of our modern predicament.”",
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                        "text": "The delicate thing about the university is that it has a mixed character, that it is suspended between its position in the eternal world, with all its corruption and evils and cruelties, and the splendid world of our imagination.",
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                        "text": "To the zealot overcome by his piety and to the journeyman of ideas concerned only with his marketable mental skills, the beginning and end of ideas lies in their efficacy with respect to some goal external to intellectual processes.",
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                        "text": "One of the primary tests of the mood of a society at any given time is whether its comfortable people tend to identify, psychologically, with the power and achievements of the very successful or with the needs and sufferings of the underprivileged.",
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                        "text": "Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., in a mordant protest written soon after the [1952] election, found the intellectual \"in a situation he has not known for a generation.\" After twenty years of Democratic rule, during which the intellectual had been in the main understood and respected, business had come back into power, bringing with it \"the vulgarization which has been the almost invariable consequence of business supremacy.",
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                        "text": "“When one considers American history as a whole, it is hard to think of any very long period in which it could be said that the country has been consistently well governed. And yet its political system is, on the whole, a resilient and well-seasoned one, and on the strength of its history one must assume that it can summon enough talent and good will to cope with its afflictions. To cope with them—but not, I think, to master them in any thoroughly decisive or admirable fashion. The nation seems to slouch onward into its uncertain future like some huge inarticulate beast, too much attainted by wounds and ailments to be robust, but too strong and resourceful to succumb.”",
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                        "text": "The American farmer, whose holdings were not so extensive as those of the grandee nor so tiny as those of the peasant, whose psychology was Protestant and bourgeois, and whose politics were petty-capitalist rather than traditionalist, had no reason to share the social outlook of the rural classes of Europe. In Europe land was limited and dear, while labor was abundant and relatively cheap; in America the ratio between land and labor was inverted.",
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                        "text": "“Any historian of warfare knows that it is in good part a comedy of errors and a museum of incompetence; but if for every error and every act of incompetence one can substitute an act of treason, we can see how many points of fascinating interpretation are open to the paranoid imagination: treason in high places can be found at almost every turning -- and in the end the real mystery, for one who reads the primary works of paranoid scholarship, is not how the United States has been brought to its present dangerous position, but how it has managed to survive at all.”",
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                        "text": "“As a member of the avant-garde who is capable of perceiving the conspiracy before it is fully obvious to an as yet unaroused public, the paranoid is a militant leader. He does not see social conflict as something to be mediated and compromised, in the manner of the working politician. Since what is at stake is always a conflict between absolute good and absolute evil, what is necessary is not compromise but the will to fight things out to a finish. Since the enemy is thought of as being totally evil and totally unappeasable, he must be totally eliminated–if not from the world, at least from the theatre of operations to which the paranoid directs his attention. This demand for total triumph leads to the formulation of hopelessly unrealistic goals, and since these goals are not even remotely attainable, failure constantly heightens the paranoid’s sense of frustration. Even partial success leaves him with the same feeling of powerlessness with which he began, and this in turn only strengthens his awareness of the vast and terrifying quality of the enemy he opposes.”",
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                        "text": "“To those who suspect that intellect is a subversive force in society, it will not do to reply that intellect is really a safe, bland, and emollient thing. In a certain sense, the suspicious Tories and militant philistines are right: intellect is dangerous. Left free, there is nothing it will not reconsider, analyze, throw into question. \"Let us admit the case of the conservative,\" John Dewey once wrote. \"If we once start thinking no one can guarantee what will be the outcome, except that many objects, ends and institutions will be surely doomed. Every thinker puts some portion of an apparently stable world in peril, and no one can wholly predict what will emerge in its place.\" Further, there is no way of guaranteeing that an intellectual class will be discreet and restrained in the use of its influence; the only assurance that can be given to any community is that it will be far worse off if it denies the free uses of the power of intellect than if it permits them. To be sure, intellectuals, contrary to the fantasies of cultural vigilantes, are hardly ever subversive of a society as a whole. But intellect is always on the move against something: some oppression, fraud, illusion, dogma, or interest is constantly falling under the scrutiny of the intellectual class and becoming the object of exposure, indignation, or ridicule.”",
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                        "text": "It has been our fate as a nation not to have ideologies but to be one.",
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