---
title: "94 Paul Graham Quotes - Famous Programmer (Introduction to Political Theory)"
description: "Paul Graham quotes about business ethics, personal interaction, and the nature of hacking."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b019/author-paul-graham-73943.jpg"
---

![Portrait of Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b019/author-paul-graham-73943.jpg)

# Paul Graham

(1964)   Programmer

 **94** quotes in **313** categories

Paul Graham points out that a business model is broken when it sues its own customers. He argues that face‑to‑face conversation still makes deals happen in ways technology can’t copy. He also describes hackers as unruly creators, a trait he links to a broader spirit of innovation.

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Paul Graham is a programmer, best known for *Introduction to Political Theory*.

## Quick Facts About Paul Graham

Born November 13, 1964

Profession Programmer

Notable works Introduction to Political Theory

## About Paul Graham

English-American programmer, venture capitalist, and essayist.

##  Quotes by Paul Graham

> [Startups often have to do dubious things.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/startups-often-have-to-do-dubious-things/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Customer](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/customer/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2ce/paul-graham-7010_dubious_startups-often-have-to-do-dubious-things_1069022.jpg)

> [There are plenty of smart people who get nowhere.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/there-are-plenty-of-smart-people-who-get-nowhere/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Get](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/get/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ab6/paul-graham-7010_get_there-are-plenty-of-smart-people-who-get_3069201.jpg)

> [“You can go anywhere in books”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/you-can-go-anywhere-in-books/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Book](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/book/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c79/paul-graham-7010_book_you-can-go-anywhere-in-books-2670214_2670214.jpg)

> [“Live in the future, then build what's missing.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/live-in-the-future-then-build-what-s-missing/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Build](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/build/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0a0/paul-graham-7010_engineering_live-in-the-future-then-build-what-s-mis_1509067.jpg)

> [Some people just get what they want in the world.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/some-people-just-get-what-they-want-in-the-world/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Get](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/get/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9c5/paul-graham-7010_get_some-people-just-get-what-they-want-in-t_2668303.jpg)

> [I suppose I should learn Lisp, but it seems so foreign.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/i-suppose-i-should-learn-lisp-but-it-seems-so-foreign/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Education](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/education/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c01/paul-graham-7010_education_i-suppose-i-should-learn-lisp-but-it-see_2613441.jpg)

> [In the startup world, 'not working' is normal.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/in-the-startup-world-not-working-is-normal/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Customer](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/customer/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ff6/paul-graham-7010_entrepreneurship_in-the-startup-world-not-working-is-norm_1375859.jpg)

> [For the most ambitious young people, the corporate ladder is obsolete.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/for-the-most-ambitious-young-people-the-corporate-ladder-is-obsolete/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Ambitious](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/ambitious/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/332/paul-graham-7010_ambitious_for-the-most-ambitious-young-people-the_909988.jpg)

> [“If Apple were to grow the iPod into a cell phone with a web browser, Microsoft would be in big trouble.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/if-apple-were-to-grow-the-ipod-into-a-cell-phone-with-a-web-browser/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Apple](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/apple/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/66f/paul-graham-7010_cell-phone_if-apple-were-to-grow-the-ipod-into-a-ce_2221097.jpg)

> [“Good design looks easy. Like great athletes, great designers make it look easy. Mostly this is an illusion.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/good-design-looks-easy-like-great-athletes-great-designers-make-it/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Designers](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/designers/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d89/paul-graham-7010_designers_good-design-looks-easy-like-great-athlet_2458273.jpg)

> [“A lot of the statements that got people in trouble seem harmless now.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/a-lot-of-the-statements-that-got-people-in-trouble-seem-harmless-now/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Harmless](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/harmless/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/125/paul-graham-7010_quote_a-lot-of-the-statements-that-got-people_970002.jpg)

> [“Introducing change is like pulling off a bandage : the pain is a memory as soon as you feel it.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/introducing-change-is-like-pulling-off-a-bandage-the-pain-is-a-memory/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Change](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/change/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/dc1/paul-graham-7010_change_introducing-change-is-like-pulling-off-a_1119847.jpg)

> [“There are few sources of energy so powerful as a procrastinating college student.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/there-are-few-sources-of-energy-so-powerful-as-a-procrastinating/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[College student](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/college-student/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1f4/paul-graham-7010_college-student_there-are-few-sources-of-energy-so-power_2507522.jpg)

> [Empirically the way you get a product visionary as CEO is for him to found the company and not get fired.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/empirically-the-way-you-get-a-product-visionary-as-ceo-is-for-him-to/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Business](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/business/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/199/paul-graham-7010_business_empirically-the-way-you-get-a-product-vi_2010405.jpg)

> [“Public school teachers are in much the same position as prison wardens.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/public-school-teachers-are-in-much-the-same-position-as-prison-wardens/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Prisons](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/prisons/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e22/paul-graham-7010_prisons_public-school-teachers-are-in-much-the-s_731606.jpg)

> [“And the reason everyone doesn’t use Listp is that programming languages are not merely technologies, but habits of mind as well, and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/and-the-reason-everyone-doesn-t-use-listp-is-that-programming/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Habits](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/habits/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c38/paul-graham-7010_habits_and-the-reason-everyone-doesn-t-use-list_2672413.jpg)

> [What I tell founders is not to sweat the business model too much at first. The most important task at first is…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/what-i-tell-founders-is-not-to-sweat-the-business-model-too-much-at/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Build](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/build/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0b2/paul-graham-7010_build_what-i-tell-founders-is-not-to-sweat-the_863040.jpg)

> [“So although there may be, in certain specific moments (like your family, this month) a fixed amount of money available to trade…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/so-although-there-may-be-in-certain-specific-moments-like-your-family/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Family](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/family/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a36/paul-graham-7010_family_so-although-there-may-be-in-certain-spec_1409212.jpg)

> [A programming language is for thinking about programs, not for expressing programs you've already thought of. It should be a pencil, not…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/a-programming-language-is-for-thinking-about-programs-not-for/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[About](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/about/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/25d/paul-graham-7010_about_a-programming-language-is-for-thinking-a_1388664.jpg)

> [“If you can keep hope and worry balanced, they will drive a project forward the same way your two legs drive a…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/if-you-can-keep-hope-and-worry-balanced-they-will-drive-a-project/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Forward](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/forward/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/65e/paul-graham-7010_hope_if-you-can-keep-hope-and-worry-balanced_1078234.jpg)

> [It's hard to say exactly what it is about face-to-face contact that makes deals happen, but whatever it is, it hasn't yet…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/it-s-hard-to-say-exactly-what-it-is-about-face-to-face-contact-that/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[About](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/about/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/5eb/paul-graham-7010_about_it-s-hard-to-say-exactly-what-it-is-abou_403199.jpg)

> [“You need three things to create a successful startup: to start with good people, to make something customers actually want, and to…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/you-need-three-things-to-create-a-successful-startup-to-start-with/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Customer](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/customer/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/13e/paul-graham-7010_entrepreneurship_you-need-three-things-to-create-a-succes_1928954.jpg)

> [When Facebook first started, and it was just a social directory for undergrads at Harvard, it would have seemed like such a…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/when-facebook-first-started-and-it-was-just-a-social-directory-for/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Bad](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/bad/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/858/paul-graham-7010_bad_when-facebook-first-started-and-it-was-j_1451986.jpg)

> [“If you want to make money at some point, remember this, because this is one of the reasons startups win. Big companies…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/if-you-want-to-make-money-at-some-point-remember-this-because-this-is-2/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Big companies](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/big-companies/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/5f3/paul-graham-7010_money_if-you-want-to-make-money-at-some-point_1835715.jpg)

> [“When Bauhaus designers adopted Sullivan's "form follows function," what they meant was, form should follow function. And if function is hard enough,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/when-bauhaus-designers-adopted-sullivan-s-form-follows-function-what/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Ed sullivan](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/ed-sullivan/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/489/paul-graham-7010_ed-sullivan_when-bauhaus-designers-adopted-sullivan_1937596.jpg)

> [“A great programmer, on a roll, could create a million dollars worth of wealth in a couple weeks. A mediocre programmer over…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/a-great-programmer-on-a-roll-could-create-a-million-dollars-worth-of/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Money](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/money/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b37/paul-graham-7010_money_a-great-programmer-on-a-roll-could-creat_604606.jpg)

> [“You need rich people in your society not so much because in spending their money they create jobs, but because of what…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/you-need-rich-people-in-your-society-not-so-much-because-in-spending/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Money](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/money/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/96b/paul-graham-7010_money_you-need-rich-people-in-your-society-not_739531.jpg)

> [“If language A has an operator for removing spaces from strings and language B doesn’t, that probably doesn’t make A more powerful,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/if-language-a-has-an-operator-for-removing-spaces-from-strings-and/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Technology](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/technology/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/cca/paul-graham-7010_technology_if-language-a-has-an-operator-for-removi_2777426.jpg)

> [“Hackers are unruly. That is the essence of hacking. And it is also the essence of Americanness. It is no accident that…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/hackers-are-unruly-that-is-the-essence-of-hacking-and-it-is-also-the/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Cybersecurity](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/cybersecurity/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f64/paul-graham-7010_cybersecurity_hackers-are-unruly-that-is-the-essence-o_371359.jpg)

> [“Someone trying to live well would seem eccentrically abstemious in most of the US. That phenomenon is only going to become more…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/someone-trying-to-live-well-would-seem-eccentrically-abstemious-in/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Live well](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/live-well/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/4d3/paul-graham-7010_live-well_someone-trying-to-live-well-would-seem-e_2546273.jpg)

> [“A startup is like a mosquito. A bear can absorb a hit and a crab is armored against one, but a mosquito…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/a-startup-is-like-a-mosquito-a-bear-can-absorb-a-hit-and-a-crab-is/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Flies](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/flies/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/259/paul-graham-7010_flies_a-startup-is-like-a-mosquito-a-bear-can_3183553.jpg)

> [“As for building something users love, here are some general tips. Start by making something clean and simple that you would want…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/as-for-building-something-users-love-here-are-some-general-tips-start/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Programming](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/programming/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/221/paul-graham-7010_programming_as-for-building-something-users-love-her_2345533.jpg)

> [“I’ve programmed in all kinds of languages, said the tough old hacker as he eased up to the bar, and it don’t…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/i-ve-programmed-in-all-kinds-of-languages-said-the-tough-old-hacker/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Cybersecurity](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/cybersecurity/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3ea/paul-graham-7010_cybersecurity_i-ve-programmed-in-all-kinds-of-language_2298556.jpg)

> [“When I was in art school, we were looking one day at a slide of some great fifteenth century painting, and one…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/when-i-was-in-art-school-we-were-looking-one-day-at-a-slide-of-some/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Art](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/art/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ad6/paul-graham-7010_art_when-i-was-in-art-school-we-were-looking_2315207.jpg)

> [“If you want to make money at some point, remember this, because this is one of the reasons startups win. Big companies…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/if-you-want-to-make-money-at-some-point-remember-this-because-this-is/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Big companies](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/big-companies/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e5b/paul-graham-7010_entrepreneurs_if-you-want-to-make-money-at-some-point_1646257.jpg)

> [“When I was a kid I was constantly being told to look at things from someone else’s point of view. What this…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/when-i-was-a-kid-i-was-constantly-being-told-to-look-at-things-from/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Empathy](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/empathy/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d7e/paul-graham-7010_empathy_when-i-was-a-kid-i-was-constantly-being_231375.jpg)

> [“Of course, figuring out what you like to work on doesn't mean you get to work on it. That's a separate question.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/of-course-figuring-out-what-you-like-to-work-on-doesn-t-mean-you-get/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Artist](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/artist/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/742/paul-graham-7010_artist_of-course-figuring-out-what-you-like-to_2515149.jpg)

> [“This is the kind of possibility that the pointy-haired boss doesn’t even want to think about. And so most of them don’t.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/this-is-the-kind-of-possibility-that-the-pointy-haired-boss-doesn-t/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Business](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/business/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/4d9/paul-graham-7010_business_this-is-the-kind-of-possibility-that-the_2989562.jpg)

> [“If you leave a bunch of eleven-year-olds to their own devices, what you get is Lord of the Flies. Like a lot…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/if-you-leave-a-bunch-of-eleven-year-olds-to-their-own-devices-what/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Books](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/books/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/150/paul-graham-7010_books_if-you-leave-a-bunch-of-eleven-year-olds_2925251.jpg)

> [“The recipe for great work is: very exacting taste, plus the ability to gratify it.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-graham/the-recipe-for-great-work-is-very-exacting-taste-plus-the-ability-to/)

[Paul Graham](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-graham/)

[Creation](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/creation/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0d2/paul-graham-7010_creation_the-recipe-for-great-work-is-very-exacti_2630128.jpg)

## Paul Graham by topic

[Technology (12)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/technology/paul-graham/) [Programming (12)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/programming/paul-graham/) [Money (10)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/money/paul-graham/) [Entrepreneurship (10)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/entrepreneurship/paul-graham/)

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                        "text": "“So although there may be, in certain specific moments (like your family, this month) a fixed amount of money available to trade with other people for things you want, there is not a fixed amount of wealth in the world.”",
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                        "text": "“I’ve programmed in all kinds of languages, said the tough old hacker as he eased up to the bar, and it don’t matter which you use... This is nonsense, of course. There is a world of difference between, say, Fortran I and the latest version of Perl or for that matter between early versions of Perl and the latest version of Perl. But the tough old hacker may himself believe what he’s saying. It’s possible to write the same primitive Pascal-like programs in almost every language. If you only ever eat at McDonald’s, it will seem that food is much the same in every country.”",
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                        "text": "“When I was in art school, we were looking one day at a slide of some great fifteenth century painting, and one of the students asked 'Why don't artists paint like that now?' The room suddenly got quiet. Though rarely asked out loud, this question lurks uncomfortably in the back of every art student's mind. It was as if someone had brought up the topic of lung cancer in a meeting within Philip Morris. 'Well,' the professor replied, 'we're interested in different questions now.' He was a pretty nice guy, but at the time I couldn't help wishing I could send him back to fifteenth century Florence to explain in person to Leonardo & Co. how we had moved beyond their early, limited concept of art. Just imagine that conversation. In fact, one of the reasons artists in fifteenth century Florence made such great things was that they believed you could make great things. They were intensely competitive and were always trying to outdo one another, like mathematicians or physicists today—maybe like anyone who has ever done anything really well. The idea that you could make great things was not just a useful illusion. They were actually right. So the most important consequence of realizing there can be good art is that it frees artists to try to make it.”",
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                        "text": "“If you want to make money at some point, remember this, because this is one of the reasons startups win. Big companies want to decrease the standard deviation of design outcomes because they want to avoid disasters. But when you damp oscillations, you lose the high points as well as the low. This is not a problem for big companies, because they don't win by making great products. Big companies win by sucking less than other big companies.” - “The place to fight design wars is in new markets, where no one has yet managed to establish any fortifications. That's where you can win big by taking the bold approach to design, and having the same people both design and implement the product. Microsoft themselves did this at the start. So did Apple. And Hewlett- Packard. I suspect almost every successful startup has.” - “Great software, likewise, requires a fanatical devotion to beauty. If you look inside good software, you find that parts no one is ever supposed to see are beautiful too.” - “The right way to collaborate, I think, is to divide projects into sharply defined modules, each with a definite owner, and with interfaces between them that are as carefully designed and, if possible, as articulated as programming languages. Like painting, most software is intended for a human audience. And so hackers, like painters, must have empathy to do really great work. You have to be able to see things from the user's point of view.” - “It turns out that looking at things from other people's point of view is practically the secret of success.” - “Part of what software has to do is explain itself. So to write good software you have to understand how little users understand. They're going to walk up to the software with no preparation, and it had better do what they guess it will, because they're not going to read the manual.”",
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                        "text": "“When I was a kid I was constantly being told to look at things from someone else’s point of view. What this always meant in practice was to do what someone else wanted, instead of what I wanted. This of course gave empathy a bad name, and I made a point of not cultivating it. Boy, was I wrong. It turns out that looking at things from other people’s point of view is practically the secret of success. Empathy doesn’t necessarily mean being self-sacrificing. Far from it. Understanding how someone else sees things doesn’t imply that you’ll act in his interest; in some situations — in war, for example — you want to do exactly the opposite.”",
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                        "text": "“Of course, figuring out what you like to work on doesn't mean you get to work on it. That's a separate question. And if you're ambitious you have to keep them separate: you have to make a conscious effort to keep your ideas about what you want from being contaminated by what seems possible. It's painful to keep them apart, because it's painful to observe the gap between them. So most people pre-emptively lower their expectations. For example, if you asked random people on the street if they'd like to be able to draw like Leonardo, you'd find most would say something like \"Oh, I can't draw.\" This is more a statement of intention than fact; it means, I'm not going to try. Because the fact is, if you took a random person off the street and somehow got them to work as hard as they possibly could at drawing for the next twenty years, they'd get surprisingly far. But it would require a great moral effort; it would mean staring failure in the eye every day for years. And so to protect themselves people say \"I can't.”",
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                        "text": "“This is the kind of possibility that the pointy-haired boss doesn’t even want to think about. And so most of them don’t. Because, you know, when it comes down to it, the pointy-haired boss doesn’t mind if his company gets their ass kicked, so long as no one can prove it’s his fault. The safest plan for him personally is to stick close to the center of the herd. Within large organizations, the phrase used to describe this approach is “industry best practice.” Its purpose is to shield the pointy-haired boss from responsibility: if he chooses something that is “industry best practice,” and the company loses, he can’t be blamed. He didn’t choose, the industry did.”",
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                        "text": "“If you leave a bunch of eleven-year-olds to their own devices, what you get is Lord of the Flies. Like a lot of American kids, I read this book in school. Presumably it was not a coincidence. Presumably someone wanted to point out to us that we were savages, and that we had made ourselves a cruel and stupid world. This was too subtle for me. While the book seemed entirely believable, I didn't get the additional message. I wish they had just told us outright that we were savages and our world was stupid.”",
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