---
title: "67 Nicolaus Copernicus Quotes - Famous Astronomer (De revolutionibus orbium coelestium)"
description: "Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance polymath who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b018/author-nicolaus-copernicus-71277.jpg"
---

![Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b018/author-nicolaus-copernicus-71277.jpg)

# Nicolaus Copernicus

(1473–1543)   Astronomer

 **67** quotes in **395** categories

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Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer, best known for *De revolutionibus orbium coelestium*.

## Quick Facts About Nicolaus Copernicus

Born February 19, 1473

Died May 24, 1543

Profession Astronomer

Notable works De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

## About Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance polymath who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center. The publication of Copernicus's model in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, just before his death in 1543, was a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution and making a pioneering contribution to the Scientific Revolution. Though a similar heliocentric model had been developed eighteen centuries earlier by Aristarchus of Samos, an ancient Greek astronomer, Copernicus likely arrived at his model independently.

##  Quotes by Nicolaus Copernicus

> [In the midst of all dwells the sun.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/in-the-midst-of-all-dwells-the-sun/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/57e/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_dwells_in-the-midst-of-all-dwells-the-sun-23697_2369746.jpg)

> [Astronomy is written for astronomers](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/astronomy-is-written-for-astronomers/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Astronomers](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/astronomers/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1be/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_astronomers_astronomy-is-written-for-astronomers-275_2753729.jpg)

> [The Universe, wrought for us by a supremely good and orderly Creator.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/the-universe-wrought-for-us-by-a-supremely-good-and-orderly-creator/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Creator](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/creator/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/19f/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_creator_the-universe-wrought-for-us-by-a-supreme_2057568.jpg)

> [Mathematics is written for mathematicians.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/mathematics-is-written-for-mathematicians/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8a8/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_mathematical_mathematics-is-written-for-mathematician_1500451.jpg)

> [Finally we shall place the Sun himself at the center of the Universe.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/finally-we-shall-place-the-sun-himself-at-the-center-of-the-universe/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Center of the universe](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/center-of-the-universe/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9df/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_center-of-the-univer_finally-we-shall-place-the-sun-himself-a_1449278.jpg)

> [“Mathemata mathematicis scribuntur.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/mathemata-mathematicis-scribuntur/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Astronomy](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/astronomy/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1c8/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_astronomy_mathemata-mathematicis-scribuntur-194943_1949435.jpg)

> [Of all things visible, the highest is the heaven of the fixed stars.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/of-all-things-visible-the-highest-is-the-heaven-of-the-fixed-stars/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/541/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_all-things_of-all-things-visible-the-highest-is-the_2882852.jpg)

> [Near the sun is the center of the universe.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/near-the-sun-is-the-center-of-the-universe/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/daf/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_center_near-the-sun-is-the-center-of-the-univer_370530.jpg)

> [Moreover, since the sun remains stationary, whatever appears as a motion of the sun is really due rather to the motion of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/moreover-since-the-sun-remains-stationary-whatever-appears-as-a/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Earth](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/earth/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/fdd/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_earth_moreover-since-the-sun-remains-stationar_357697.jpg)

> [The earth also is spherical, since it presses upon its center from every direction.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/the-earth-also-is-spherical-since-it-presses-upon-its-center-from/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3c4/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_also_the-earth-also-is-spherical-since-it-pre_811340.jpg)

> [To know that we know what we know, and to know that we do not know what we do not know, that…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/to-know-that-we-know-what-we-know-and-to-know-that-we-do-not-know/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f3a/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_knowledge_to-know-that-we-know-what-we-know-and-to_991078.jpg)

> [For it is the duty of an astronomer to compose the history of the celestial motions through careful and expert study.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/for-it-is-the-duty-of-an-astronomer-to-compose-the-history-of-the-2/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Astronomer](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/astronomer/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/55c/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_astronomers_for-it-is-the-duty-of-an-astronomer-to-c_2112421.jpg)

> [“I often considered whether there could perhaps be found a more reasonable arrangement of circles.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/i-often-considered-whether-there-could-perhaps-be-found-a-more/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Astronomy](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/astronomy/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ebe/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_astronomy_i-often-considered-whether-there-could-p_1989995.jpg)

> [Therefore, having obtained the opportunity from these sources, I too began to consider the mobility of the earth.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/therefore-having-obtained-the-opportunity-from-these-sources-i-too/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b1f/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_be-considerate_therefore-having-obtained-the-opportunit_1612798.jpg)

> [We regard it as a certainty that the earth, enclosed between poles, is bounded by a spherical surface.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/we-regard-it-as-a-certainty-that-the-earth-enclosed-between-poles-is/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Certainty](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/certainty/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/342/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_certainty_we-regard-it-as-a-certainty-that-the-ear_961851.jpg)

> [Mathemata mathematicis scribuntur Mathematics is written for mathematicians De Revolutionibus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/mathemata-mathematicis-scribuntur-mathematics-is-written-for/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c4b/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_mathematical_mathemata-mathematicis-scribuntur-mathem_1502614.jpg)

> [Nations are not ruined by one act of violence, but gradually and in an almost imperceptible manner by the depreciation of their…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/nations-are-not-ruined-by-one-act-of-violence-but-gradually-and-in-an/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Acts of violence](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/acts-of-violence/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/760/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_acts-of-violence_nations-are-not-ruined-by-one-act-of-vio_1680861.jpg)

> [I can easily conceive, most Holy Father, that as soon as some people learn that in this book which I have written…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/i-can-easily-conceive-most-holy-father-that-as-soon-as-some-people/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Body](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/body/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/40e/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_body_i-can-easily-conceive-most-holy-father-t_1467730.jpg)

> [So far as hypotheses are concerned, let no one expect anything certain from astronomy, which cannot furnish it, lest he accept as…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/so-far-as-hypotheses-are-concerned-let-no-one-expect-anything-certain/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c22/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_accepting_so-far-as-hypotheses-are-concerned-let-n_2903643.jpg)

> [There may be babblers, wholly ignorant of mathematics, who dare to condemn my hypothesis, upon the authority of some part of the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/there-may-be-babblers-wholly-ignorant-of-mathematics-who-dare-to/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Authority](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/authority/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/840/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_authority_there-may-be-babblers-wholly-ignorant-of_544888.jpg)

> [Accordingly, since nothing prevents the earth from moving, I suggest that we should now consider also whether several motions suit it, so…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/accordingly-since-nothing-prevents-the-earth-from-moving-i-suggest/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Earth](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/earth/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/252/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_earth_accordingly-since-nothing-prevents-the-e_3063542.jpg)

> [For a traveler going from any place toward the north, that pole of the daily rotation gradually climbs higher, while the opposite…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/for-a-traveler-going-from-any-place-toward-the-north-that-pole-of-the/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/5d7/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_amount_for-a-traveler-going-from-any-place-towa_672999.jpg)

> [I shall now recall to mind that the motion of the heavenly bodies is circular, since the motion appropriate to a sphere…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/i-shall-now-recall-to-mind-that-the-motion-of-the-heavenly-bodies-is/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/260/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_appropriate_i-shall-now-recall-to-mind-that-the-moti_491582.jpg)

> [The strongest affection and utmost zeal should, I think, promote the studies concerned with the most beautiful objects, most deserving to be…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/the-strongest-affection-and-utmost-zeal-should-i-think-promote-the/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Affection](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/affection/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/477/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_affection_the-strongest-affection-and-utmost-zeal_1407343.jpg)

> [Hence I feel no shame in asserting that this whole region engirdled by the moon, and the center of the earth, traverse…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/hence-i-feel-no-shame-in-asserting-that-this-whole-region-engirdled/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d45/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_annuals_hence-i-feel-no-shame-in-asserting-that_58626.jpg)

> [Not only the phenomena of the others followed from this, but also it so bound together both the order and magnitude of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/not-only-the-phenomena-of-the-others-followed-from-this-but-also-it/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2b1/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_altered_not-only-the-phenomena-of-the-others-fol_1909633.jpg)

> [In first place we must observe that the universe is spherical. This is either because that figure is the most perfect, as…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/in-first-place-we-must-observe-that-the-universe-is-spherical-this-is/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f8e/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_all-things_in-first-place-we-must-observe-that-the_840631.jpg)

> [ We are taught all this \[the motion of the earth on its axis and around the sun\] by the order of succession,… ](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/we-are-taught-all-this-the-motion-of-the-earth-on-its-axis-and-around/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7ac/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_axes_we-are-taught-all-this-the-motion-of-the_741583.jpg)

> [Among the authorities it is generally agreed that the Earth is at rest in the middle of the universe, and they regard…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/among-the-authorities-it-is-generally-agreed-that-the-earth-is-at/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Authority](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/authority/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/302/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_authority_among-the-authorities-it-is-generally-ag_265302.jpg)

> [In the center of all rests the sun. For who would place this lamp of a very beautiful temple in another or…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/in-the-center-of-all-rests-the-sun-for-who-would-place-this-lamp-of-a/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ceb/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_all-things_in-the-center-of-all-rests-the-sun-for-w_51480.jpg)

> [So if the worth of the arts were measured by the matter with which they deal, this art-which some call astronomy, others…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/so-if-the-worth-of-the-arts-were-measured-by-the-matter-with-which/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Arithmetic](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/arithmetic/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/550/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_arithmetic_so-if-the-worth-of-the-arts-were-measure_1819013.jpg)

> [When, therefore, I had long considered this uncertainty of traditional mathematics, it began to weary me that no more definite explanation of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/when-therefore-i-had-long-considered-this-uncertainty-of-traditional/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3cd/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_behalf_when-therefore-i-had-long-considered-thi_1960613.jpg)

> [The two revolutions, I mean the annual revolutions of the declination and of the centre of the Earth, are not completely equal;…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/the-two-revolutions-i-mean-the-annual-revolutions-of-the-declination/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/530/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_angle_the-two-revolutions-i-mean-the-annual-re_93795.jpg)

> [At rest, however, in the middle of everything is the sun.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/at-rest-however-in-the-middle-of-everything-is-the-sun/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Light](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/light/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/56c/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_light_at-rest-however-in-the-middle-of-everyth_311456.jpg)

> [First of all, we must note that the universe is spherical.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/first-of-all-we-must-note-that-the-universe-is-spherical/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/834/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_firsts_first-of-all-we-must-note-that-the-unive_1835235.jpg)

> [Those things which I am saying now may be obscure, yet they will be made clearer in their proper place.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/those-things-which-i-am-saying-now-may-be-obscure-yet-they-will-be/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0fe/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_made_those-things-which-i-am-saying-now-may-b_2121903.jpg)

> [In so many and such important ways, then, do the planets bear witness to the earth's mobility.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/in-so-many-and-such-important-ways-then-do-the-planets-bear-witness/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Bears](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/bears/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ed0/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_bears_in-so-many-and-such-important-ways-then_1921991.jpg)

> [Pouring forth its seas everywhere, then, the ocean envelops the earth and fills its deeper chasms.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/pouring-forth-its-seas-everywhere-then-the-ocean-envelops-the-earth/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/76d/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_chasms_pouring-forth-its-seas-everywhere-then-t_1929193.jpg)

> [For what could be more beautiful than the heavens which contain all beautiful things.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/for-what-could-be-more-beautiful-than-the-heavens-which-contain-all/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Beautiful](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/beautiful/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e06/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_beautiful_for-what-could-be-more-beautiful-than-th_418864.jpg)

> [More stars in the north are seen not to set, while in the south certain stars are no longer seen to rise.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolaus-copernicus/more-stars-in-the-north-are-seen-not-to-set-while-in-the-south/)

[Nicolaus Copernicus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolaus-copernicus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a97/nicolaus-copernicus-10074_certain_more-stars-in-the-north-are-seen-not-to_1445714.jpg)

## Nicolaus Copernicus by topic

[Earth (21)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/earth/nicolaus-copernicus/) [Universe (15)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/universe/nicolaus-copernicus/) [Nature (13)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/nature/nicolaus-copernicus/) [Astronomy (13)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/astronomy/nicolaus-copernicus/) [Sun (10)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/sun/nicolaus-copernicus/) [Mathematics (10)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/mathematics/nicolaus-copernicus/)

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                        "text": "I can easily conceive, most Holy Father, that as soon as some people learn that in this book which I have written concerning the revolutions of the heavenly bodies, I ascribe certain motions to the Earth, they will cry out at once that I and my theory should be rejected.",
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                        "text": "So far as hypotheses are concerned, let no one expect anything certain from astronomy, which cannot furnish it, lest he accept as the truth ideas conceived for another purpose, and depart from this study a greater fool than when he entered it.",
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                        "text": "Hence I feel no shame in asserting that this whole region engirdled by the moon, and the center of the earth, traverse this grand circle amid the rest of the planets in an annual revolution around the sun. Near the sun is the center of the universe. Moreover, since the sun remains stationary, whatever appears as a motion of the sun is really due rather to the motion of the earth.",
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                        "text": "Not only the phenomena of the others followed from this, but also it so bound together both the order and magnitude of all the planets and the spheres and the heaven itself, that in no single part could one thing be altered without confusion among the other parts and in all the universe.",
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                        "text": "We are taught all this [the motion of the earth on its axis and around the sun] by the order of succession, in which those phenomena (various planetary happenings) follow each other, and by the harmony of the world, if we will only, as the saying goes, look at the matter with both eyes.",
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                        "text": "Among the authorities it is generally agreed that the Earth is at rest in the middle of the universe, and they regard it as inconceivable and even ridiculous to hold the opposite opinion. However, if we consider it more closely the question will be seen to be still unsettled, and so decidedly not to be despised. For every apparent change in respect of position is due to motion of the object observed, or of the observer, or indeed to an unequal change of both.",
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                        "text": "In the center of all rests the sun. For who would place this lamp of a very beautiful temple in another or better place that this wherefrom it can illuminate everything at the same time? As a matter of fact, not unhappily do some call it the lantern; others, the mind and still others, the pilot of the world. Trismegistus calls it a \"visible God\"; Sophocles' Electra, \"that which gazes upon all things.\" And so the sun, as if resting on a kingly throne, governs the family of stars which wheel around.",
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                        "text": "So if the worth of the arts were measured by the matter with which they deal, this art-which some call astronomy, others astrology, and many of the ancients the consummation of mathematics-would be by far the most outstanding. This art which is as it were the head of all the liberal arts and the one most worthy of a free man leans upon nearly all the other branches of mathe matics. Arithmetic, geometry, optics, geodesy, mechanics, and whatever others, all offer themselves in its service.",
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                        "text": "When, therefore, I had long considered this uncertainty of traditional mathematics, it began to weary me that no more definite explanation of the movement of the world-machine established in our behalf by the best and most systematic builder of all, existed among the philosophers who had studied so exactly in other respects the minutest details in regard to the sphere.",
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