---
title: "Best Guy Standing Quotes"
description: "Guy Standing has 117 quotes on SMS4Smile. Browse their most insightful sayings, across 368 categories."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b002/author-guy-standing-4017.jpg"
---

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# Guy Standing

 **117** quotes in **368** categories

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##  Quotes by Guy Standing · Page 2

> [Workfare will merely accentuate the growth of the low-paying, insecure labour market.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/workfare-will-merely-accentuate-the-growth-of-the-low-paying-insecure/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Growth](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/growth/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/cd7/guy-standing-4017_growth_workfare-will-merely-accentuate-the-grow_1751022.jpg)

> [If you're healthier, you tend to have a lower demand for health services.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/if-you-re-healthier-you-tend-to-have-a-lower-demand-for-health/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Demand](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/demand/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/624/guy-standing-4017_demand_if-you-re-healthier-you-tend-to-have-a-l_464819.jpg)

> [The Magna Carta was the first class-based charter, enforced on the monarchy by the rising class.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-magna-carta-was-the-first-class-based-charter-enforced-on-the/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Class](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/class/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8cd/guy-standing-4017_class_the-magna-carta-was-the-first-class-base_2069883.jpg)

> [Means-tested benefits have one incredible feature in that they impose huge poverty traps.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/means-tested-benefits-have-one-incredible-feature-in-that-they-impose/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Benefits](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/benefits/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8ed/guy-standing-4017_benefits_means-tested-benefits-have-one-incredibl_2979162.jpg)

> [People want to work, but they don't want to necessarily want to do labour.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/people-want-to-work-but-they-don-t-want-to-necessarily-want-to-do/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Labour](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/labour/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e65/guy-standing-4017_labour_people-want-to-work-but-they-don-t-want_2606985.jpg)

> [Sanctions and workfare make it easier for employers to impose insecure practices on desperate people.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/sanctions-and-workfare-make-it-easier-for-employers-to-impose/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Desperate](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/desperate/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a30/guy-standing-4017_desperate_sanctions-and-workfare-make-it-easier-fo_2085241.jpg)

> [Think how modern economics presents work. Only labour that contributes to growth counts.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/think-how-modern-economics-presents-work-only-labour-that-contributes/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Economics](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/economics/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/bd5/guy-standing-4017_economics_think-how-modern-economics-presents-work_1004687.jpg)

> [The income distribution system constructed in the 20th century has broken down, and it will not come back.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-income-distribution-system-constructed-in-the-20th-century-has/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[20th century](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/20th-century/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a12/guy-standing-4017_20th-century_the-income-distribution-system-construct_2605976.jpg)

> [Capital is taxed much less than labour; subsidies going to capital, the rich, and middle-income earners greatly exceed the benefits going to…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/capital-is-taxed-much-less-than-labour-subsidies-going-to-capital-the/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Going](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/going/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/cfd/guy-standing-4017_going_capital-is-taxed-much-less-than-labour-s_2890705.jpg)

> [The evidence shows if you give people security, they become better people. They develop their talents. They become better citizens.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-evidence-shows-if-you-give-people-security-they-become-better/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Better](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/better/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d90/guy-standing-4017_better_the-evidence-shows-if-you-give-people-se_668183.jpg)

> [If you had a basic income, it would mean that everybody would have a base on top of which their earned income…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/if-you-had-a-basic-income-it-would-mean-that-everybody-would-have-a/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Earned](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/earned/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/91b/guy-standing-4017_earned_if-you-had-a-basic-income-it-would-mean_3164379.jpg)

> [In the interests of competitiveness in a globalizing world economy, governments of all complexions introduced labour-market reforms that promoted flexibility but accentuated…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/in-the-interests-of-competitiveness-in-a-globalizing-world-economy/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Economics](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/economics/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/59b/guy-standing-4017_economics_in-the-interests-of-competitiveness-in-a_995356.jpg)

> [Politicians should reflect on the well-documented fact that fearful, insecure people lose their sense of tolerance and altruism.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/politicians-should-reflect-on-the-well-documented-fact-that-fearful/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Altruism](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/altruism/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/967/guy-standing-4017_altruism_politicians-should-reflect-on-the-well-d_1515607.jpg)

> [If schooling becomes little more than preparation for the job market and consumption, it cannot produce socially responsible and altruistic citizens.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/if-schooling-becomes-little-more-than-preparation-for-the-job-market/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Becomes](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/becomes/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/42c/guy-standing-4017_becomes_if-schooling-becomes-little-more-than-pr_3191298.jpg)

> [What distinguishes a commons is that it is not private property, does not have a price, and is oriented towards 'use value'…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/what-distinguishes-a-commons-is-that-it-is-not-private-property-does/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Commons](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/commons/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/305/guy-standing-4017_commons_what-distinguishes-a-commons-is-that-it_631567.jpg)

> [The World Bank and others have been converted to conditional cash transfers (CCT). These provide poor people with cash on condition they…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-world-bank-and-others-have-been-converted-to-conditional-cash/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Bank](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/bank/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/29a/guy-standing-4017_bank_the-world-bank-and-others-have-been-conv_1765677.jpg)

> [“Although reducing poverty, economic insecurity, malnutrition and ill-health should be the primary driving forces, an additional factor is the stress being placed…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/although-reducing-poverty-economic-insecurity-malnutrition-and-ill/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Developing countries](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/developing-countries/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d9b/guy-standing-4017_developing-countries_although-reducing-poverty-economic-insec_327937.jpg)

> [If I care for an elderly relative without payment, it is not work, is not counted in national income, and, as it…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/if-i-care-for-an-elderly-relative-without-payment-it-is-not-work-is/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Care](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/care/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/300/guy-standing-4017_care_if-i-care-for-an-elderly-relative-withou_1116236.jpg)

> [In financial affairs and dealings with the state, those in the precariat are disadvantaged since they are usually less well-informed and have…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/in-financial-affairs-and-dealings-with-the-state-those-in-the/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Disadvantaged](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/disadvantaged/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/94e/guy-standing-4017_disadvantaged_in-financial-affairs-and-dealings-with-t_2546542.jpg)

> [Since the crash of 2008 and during the neoliberal retrenchment known as austerity, many commentators have muttered that the left is dead,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/since-the-crash-of-2008-and-during-the-neoliberal-retrenchment-known/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Democrats](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/democrats/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7e3/guy-standing-4017_democrats_since-the-crash-of-2008-and-during-the-n_1109030.jpg)

> [Corporations and financiers have used their growing influence to induce governments and international organizations to construct a global framework of institutions and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/corporations-and-financiers-have-used-their-growing-influence-to/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Corporations](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/corporations/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/6f5/guy-standing-4017_corporations_corporations-and-financiers-have-used-th_2930407.jpg)

> [A person looking after a frail former lover is not working and not contributing to economic growth. But if he or she…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/a-person-looking-after-a-frail-former-lover-is-not-working-and-not/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Economic growth](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/economic-growth/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ca6/guy-standing-4017_economic-growth_a-person-looking-after-a-frail-former-lo_773806.jpg)

> [The precariat faces chronic uncertainty about what to do, about what incomes to expect, about state benefits that might be their due,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-precariat-faces-chronic-uncertainty-about-what-to-do-about-what/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[About](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/about/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d30/guy-standing-4017_about_the-precariat-faces-chronic-uncertainty_2800560.jpg)

> [Although the precariat does not consist simply of victims, since many in it challenge their parents' labouring ethic, its growth has been…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/although-the-precariat-does-not-consist-simply-of-victims-since-many/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Faith](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/faith/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e97/guy-standing-4017_faith_although-the-precariat-does-not-consist_2421821.jpg)

> [“The spread of charity has largely reflected the manifold failings of means-tested social assistance, the unfairness of conditionality, the deliberate sanctions taken…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-spread-of-charity-has-largely-reflected-the-manifold-failings-of/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Failure](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/failure/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0f8/guy-standing-4017_failure_the-spread-of-charity-has-largely-reflec_2005989.jpg)

> [“Ironically, opponents of basic income on the grounds that it would lead to a dismantling of the welfare state tend to support…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/ironically-opponents-of-basic-income-on-the-grounds-that-it-would/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Leadership](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/leadership/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/012/guy-standing-4017_leadership_ironically-opponents-of-basic-income-on_231292.jpg)

> [“Reformers must be able to pre-empt the expected jibes over lack of ‘reciprocity’, affordability, inducement to laziness, ‘something for nothing’ and cash…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/reformers-must-be-able-to-pre-empt-the-expected-jibes-over-lack-of/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Enjoying life](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/enjoying-life/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e08/guy-standing-4017_enjoying-life_reformers-must-be-able-to-pre-empt-the-e_387691.jpg)

> [“In October 2016, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees said: The use of cash-based assistance has been a real game changer in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/in-october-2016-the-un-high-commissioner-for-refugees-said-the-use-of/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Immigration](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/immigration/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ef2/guy-standing-4017_immigration_in-october-2016-the-un-high-commissioner_2804096.jpg)

> [“In Brazil, from 2008–14, a local NGO, ReCivitas Institute, gave a monthly basic income of about US$9 to 100 residents of Quatinga…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/in-brazil-from-2008-14-a-local-ngo-recivitas-institute-gave-a-monthly/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Funded](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/funded/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/31e/guy-standing-4017_funded_in-brazil-from-2008-14-a-local-ngo-reciv_3209235.jpg)

> [“Cash transfer schemes that at present are overwhelmingly targeted at ‘the poor’ have the potential to prepare the way for basic income.2…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/cash-transfer-schemes-that-at-present-are-overwhelmingly-targeted-at/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Basic Income](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/basic-income/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/aec/guy-standing-4017_basic-income_cash-transfer-schemes-that-at-present-ar_2505233.jpg)

> [“The UN’s World Food Programme (WFP), which compared ‘food versus cash’ in four countries, found that in three of the four –…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-un-s-world-food-programme-wfp-which-compared-food-versus-cash-in/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Civil war](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/civil-war/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d1f/guy-standing-4017_civil-war_the-un-s-world-food-programme-wfp-which_1446309.jpg)

> [“Leaving aside instrumental reasons for supporting a basic income, the thrill lies in the potential to advance full freedom and social justice,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/leaving-aside-instrumental-reasons-for-supporting-a-basic-income-the/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Adventure](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/adventure/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/58d/guy-standing-4017_adventure_leaving-aside-instrumental-reasons-for-s_366543.jpg)

> [“The ‘republican’ variant is that freedom must mean non-domination. Stemming from Aristotle, republican freedom requires freedom from potential domination as well as…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-republican-variant-is-that-freedom-must-mean-non-domination/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Freedom](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/freedom/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c28/guy-standing-4017_freedom_the-republican-variant-is-that-freedom-m_2302589.jpg)

> [“The importance of ethical governance, exemplified by the Norwegian Pension Fund, is highlighted by a deplorable UK government proposal in 2016 to…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-importance-of-ethical-governance-exemplified-by-the-norwegian/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Climate](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/climate/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/661/guy-standing-4017_five-years_the-importance-of-ethical-governance-exe_393151.jpg)

> [“The first basic income pilot in a developing country was implemented in the small Namibian village of Otjivero-Omitara in 2008–9, covering about…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-first-basic-income-pilot-in-a-developing-country-was-implemented/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Collective action](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/collective-action/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f02/guy-standing-4017_collective-action_the-first-basic-income-pilot-in-a-develo_354599.jpg)

> [“PROFESSOR’S TEASER Here is an interesting teaser from Harvard economics professor Greg Mankiw, in a blog post entitled ‘A quick note on…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/professor-s-teaser-here-is-an-interesting-teaser-from-harvard/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Flat tax](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/flat-tax/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d96/guy-standing-4017_flat-tax_professor-s-teaser-here-is-an-interestin_817962.jpg)

> [“In a 2016 book widely publicized in the US, Stern claimed that 58 per cent of all jobs would be automated eventually,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/in-a-2016-book-widely-publicized-in-the-us-stern-claimed-that-58-per/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Books](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/books/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/08b/guy-standing-4017_books_in-a-2016-book-widely-publicized-in-the_785657.jpg)

> [“As of early 2017, GiveDirectly planned to mobilize $30 million for what it claims will be the largest basic income experiment ever.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/as-of-early-2017-givedirectly-planned-to-mobilize-30-million-for-what/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Devil worship](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/devil-worship/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/785/guy-standing-4017_devil-worship_as-of-early-2017-givedirectly-planned-to_2304582.jpg)

> [“The social justice principles outlined in previous chapters provide a useful checklist for evaluating any policy. To recall, these are: The Security…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-social-justice-principles-outlined-in-previous-chapters-provide-a/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Justice](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/justice/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/196/guy-standing-4017_justice_the-social-justice-principles-outlined-i_2390923.jpg)

> [“It was Ephialtes, in fact, who initiated democratic reforms that involved paying citizens for jury service. Shortly afterwards, he was assassinated (allegedly…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/it-was-ephialtes-in-fact-who-initiated-democratic-reforms-that/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Ancient greek](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/ancient-greek/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/aaf/guy-standing-4017_ancient-greek_it-was-ephialtes-in-fact-who-initiated-d_680123.jpg)

## Guy Standing by topic

[Basic Income (32)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/basic-income/guy-standing/) [Inequality (14)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/inequality/guy-standing/) [Politics (13)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/politics/guy-standing/) [People (12)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/people/guy-standing/)

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                        "text": "Since the crash of 2008 and during the neoliberal retrenchment known as austerity, many commentators have muttered that the left is dead, watching social democrats in their timidity lose elections and respond by becoming ever more timid and neoliberal. They deserve their defeats.",
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                        "text": "Corporations and financiers have used their growing influence to induce governments and international organizations to construct a global framework of institutions and regulations that enable elites to maximize their rental income.",
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                        "text": "A person looking after a frail former lover is not working and not contributing to economic growth. But if he or she stopped, the state would probably have to take over, thereby adding to growth. So, to increase growth, we should stop looking after our loved ones. Could anybody explain to a passing Martian how this makes sense?",
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                        "text": "The precariat faces chronic uncertainty about what to do, about what incomes to expect, about state benefits that might be their due, about their relationships, their homes, and about the occupations they can realistically expect.",
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                        "text": "Although the precariat does not consist simply of victims, since many in it challenge their parents' labouring ethic, its growth has been accelerated by the neoliberalism of globalisation, which put faith in labour market flexibility, the commodification of everything, and the restructuring of social protection.",
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                        "text": "“The spread of charity has largely reflected the manifold failings of means-tested social assistance, the unfairness of conditionality, the deliberate sanctions taken against vulnerable people and the spread of economic insecurity. In the UK, for instance, over 40 per cent of referrals to food banks run by a major charity, the Trussell Trust, are due to benefit delays and sanctions.40 The fact that so many people in modern society are going to food banks and shelters demonstrates social policy failure. Private philanthropy should be marginalized again; it is an undemocratic way of shaping society and the selective well-being of individuals, groups and communities.”",
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                        "text": "“Ironically, opponents of basic income on the grounds that it would lead to a dismantling of the welfare state tend to support some variant of social insurance. They should be reminded that social insurance was first introduced by someone vehemently opposed to the political ideology they purport to represent. Otto von Bismarck prohibited socialists and exiled their leaders from Prussian cities. So those criticizing basic income because, in their albeit incorrect view, it is advocated by enemies of socialism should logically be opposed to the fundamental base of old welfare states.”",
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                        "text": "“Reformers must be able to pre-empt the expected jibes over lack of ‘reciprocity’, affordability, inducement to laziness, ‘something for nothing’ and cash for the undeserving and unneedy. Above all in this respect, reformers must confront the view that ordinary citizens would be taxed to help pay for some people to live at their expense. The right-wing media would seize upon any poor person they could display as enjoying life as proof that the basic income was encouraging debauchery, using ‘taxpayers’ money’. Sadly, statistical evidence would not be enough to curb such prejudiced journalism. Either a pre-emptive strategy would be required in which such incidents were built into the learning process. Or, better, the funding should be shown as coming from ‘capital’ or forms of rent, so the media could not present it as taxing Bill to pay Jack.”",
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                        "text": "“In October 2016, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees said: The use of cash-based assistance has been a real game changer in the way we help refugees and we have now decided to make it a worldwide policy and expand it to all our operations, where feasible … Refugees know best what they need. The broader use of cash-based assistance means that many more will be able to decide how to manage their family’s budget. This will help them lead more dignified and normal lives.”",
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                        "text": "“In Brazil, from 2008–14, a local NGO, ReCivitas Institute, gave a monthly basic income of about US$9 to 100 residents of Quatinga Velho, a small poor village in São Paulo state, funded by private donors. In January 2016, it launched Basic Income Startup, another donor-funded project, which will give individuals a ‘lifetime’ basic income, adding another individual for each $1,000 donated. ReCivitas hopes this idea will be replicated elsewhere in Brazil and internationally.”",
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                        "text": "“Cash transfer schemes that at present are overwhelmingly targeted at ‘the poor’ have the potential to prepare the way for basic income.2 But four factors have so far impeded the transition – a belief in ‘targeting’ (only the poor should receive the cash), ‘selectivity’ (some groups should have priority), ‘conditionality’ (recipients should be required to undertake certain actions or behave in certain ways), and ‘randomization’ (policy should only be introduced when it has been tested, or evaluated, by randomized control trials, and thus be ‘evidence-based’).”",
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                        "text": "“The UN’s World Food Programme (WFP), which compared ‘food versus cash’ in four countries, found that in three of the four – Ecuador, Uganda and Yemen (before the civil war) – cash transfers led to better nutrition at lower cost, meaning many more people could be helped for the same outlay. (In the fourth, Niger, severe seasonal food shortages meant that in-kind deliveries improved dietary diversity more than cash.)54 This has led the WFP to put more emphasis on cash transfers; today, just over a quarter of WFP’s aid globally is cash-based.”",
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                        "text": "“Leaving aside instrumental reasons for supporting a basic income, the thrill lies in the potential to advance full freedom and social justice, and the values of work and leisure over the dictates of labour and consumption. The times they are a-changin’, sang Bob Dylan. And times do change the chances of success. As Thomas Paine so memorably put it in the introduction to his epochal Common Sense of 1776, ‘Time makes more Converts than Reason.’ For basic income or social dividends, the time is now.”",
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                        "text": "“The ‘republican’ variant is that freedom must mean non-domination. Stemming from Aristotle, republican freedom requires freedom from potential domination as well as from actual domination by figures, institutions or processes of unaccountable domination.12 In other words, to the extent that authority figures or institutions could, if they wished, ‘arbitrarily interfere’ with a person’s ability to act or think (or develop), republican freedom is compromised.13 This view is linked to the argument, derived in part from the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, that the very existence of property can destroy or compromise such freedom. After all, if a few families own all the land, to talk of everyone having freedom would be absurd. Robust republican freedom could be said to exist if everyone in society could avoid or escape from unwanted interference, and also from the rational fear of it. To be free, a person must be free of the will of others. If I fear rationally and reasonably that, were I to offend someone, my freedom would be lost, I am not free. By contrast with libertarianism, which sees all government as compromising freedom, republican freedom requires and depends on government. But it must be government that is democratically accountable and geared to the promotion of full freedom, defined primarily as the ability of the most vulnerable in society to avoid domination. Republican freedom also requires government to ensure that the choices of the powerful cannot block others from making choices themselves. If”",
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                        "text": "“The importance of ethical governance, exemplified by the Norwegian Pension Fund, is highlighted by a deplorable UK government proposal in 2016 to set up a Shale Wealth Fund.38 The fund would receive up to 10 per cent of the revenue generated by fracking (hydraulic fracturing) for shale gas, which could amount to as much as £1 billion over twenty-five years. This would be paid out to communities hosting fracking sites, which could decide to use the money for local projects or distribute it to households in cash. It is hard to avoid the conclusion that this is a bribe to secure local approval of environmentally threatening fracking operations, to which there has been considerable public opposition. Beyond that, there are many equity questions. Why should only people who happen to live in areas with shale gas be beneficiaries? How would the recipient community be defined? Would the payments go only to those living in the designated community at the time the fracking started? Would they be paid as lump sums or on a regular basis, and how long would they last? What about future generations? Can cash payments compensate for the risk of harm to the air, water, landscape and livelihoods? All these questions cast doubt on the equity and ethics of any selective scheme. They underline the need for the principles of wealth funds and dividends from them to be established before they are implemented, and for a governance structure that is independent from government and business. But”",
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                        "text": "“The first basic income pilot in a developing country was implemented in the small Namibian village of Otjivero-Omitara in 2008–9, covering about 1,000 people.40 The study was carried out by the Namibian Basic Income Grant Coalition, with money raised from foundations and individual donations. Everyone in the village, including children but excluding over-sixties already receiving a social pension, was given a very small basic income of N$100 a month (worth US$12 at the time or about a third of the poverty line), and the outcomes compared with the previous situation. The results included better nutrition, particularly among children, improved health and greater use of the local primary healthcare centre, higher school attendance, increased economic activity and enhanced women’s status.41 The methodology would not have satisfied those favouring randomized control trials that were coming into vogue at the time. No control village was chosen to allow for the effects of external factors, in the country or economy, because those directing the pilot felt it was immoral to impose demands, in the form of lengthy surveys, on people who were being denied the benefit of the basic income grants. However, there were no reported changes in policy or outside interventions during the period covered by the pilot, and confidence in the results is justified both by the observed behaviour, and by recipients’ opinions in successive surveys. School attendance went up sharply, though there was no pressure on parents to send their children to school. The dynamics were revealing. Although the primary school was a state school, parents were required to pay a small fee for each child. Before the pilot, registration and attendance were low, and the school had too little income from fees to pay for basics, which made the school unattractive and lowered teachers’ morale. Once the cash transfers started, parents had enough money to pay school fees, and teachers had money to buy paper, pens, books, posters, paints and brushes, making the school more attractive to parents and children and raising the morale and, probably, the capacity of its teachers. There was also a substantial fall in petty economic crime such as stealing vegetables and killing small livestock for food. This encouraged villagers to plant more vegetables, buy more fertilizer and rear more livestock. These dynamic community-wide economic effects are usually overlooked in conventional evaluations, and would not be spotted if cash was given only to a random selection of individuals or households and evaluated as a randomized control trial. Another outcome, unplanned and unanticipated, was that villagers voluntarily set up a Basic Income Advisory Committee, led by the local primary school teacher and the village nurse, to advise people on how to spend or save their basic income money. The universal basic income thus induced collective action, and there was no doubt that this community activism increased the effectiveness of the basic incomes.”",
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                        "text": "“PROFESSOR’S TEASER Here is an interesting teaser from Harvard economics professor Greg Mankiw, in a blog post entitled ‘A quick note on a universal basic income’.25 Consider an economy in which average income is $50,000 but with much income inequality. To provide a social safety net, two possible policies are proposed. Which would you prefer? — A universal transfer of $10,000 to every person, financed by a 20-percent flat tax on income. — A means-tested transfer of $10,000. The full amount goes to someone without any income. The transfer is then phased out: You lose 20 cents of it for every dollar of income you earn. These transfers are financed by a tax of 20 percent on income above $50,000. I have seen smart people argue as follows: Policy A is crazy. Why should Bill Gates get a government transfer? He doesn’t need it, and we would need to raise more taxes to pay for it. Policy B is more progressive. It targets the transfer to those who really need it, and the transfer is financed by a smaller tax increase levied only on those with above-average incomes. But here is the rub. The two policies are equivalent. If you look at the net payment (taxes less transfers), everyone is exactly the same under the two plans. The difference is only a matter of framing. The professor’s argument is logically sound, although in practice the two policies are not equivalent. Means testing necessarily involves administrative costs for the state, and personal costs for the claimants, that reduce the value of any payment below its nominal value. Means-tested benefits are also uncertain and unstable, because the earned income on which they are based is uncertain and unstable. So, while the exchequer cost of the two policies may be equivalent, the value to recipients is not. All the more reason to go for the non-means-tested universal payment and claw it back from higher earners through the tax system.”",
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                        "text": "“In a 2016 book widely publicized in the US, Stern claimed that 58 per cent of all jobs would be automated eventually, driven by the ethos of shareholder value. He told the American media group Bloomberg, ‘It’s not like the fall of the auto and steel industries. That hit just a sector of the country. This will be widespread. People will realize that we don’t have a storm anymore; we have a tsunami.’16 Nevertheless, there are reasons to be sceptical about the prospect of a jobless or even workless future. It is the latest version of the ‘lump of labour fallacy’, the idea that there is only a certain amount of labour and work to be done, so that if more of it can be automated or done by intelligent robots, human workers will be rendered redundant. In any case, very few jobs can be automated in their entirety. The suggestion in a much-cited study17 that nearly half of all US jobs are vulnerable to automation has been challenged by, among others, the OECD, which puts the figure of jobs ‘at risk’ at 9 per cent for industrialized countries.18”",
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                        "text": "“As of early 2017, GiveDirectly planned to mobilize $30 million for what it claims will be the largest basic income experiment ever. Continuing with the RCT methodology, villages in two Kenyan counties will be divided into three groups: in forty villages all adult residents will receive a monthly basic income for twelve years; in eighty villages all adult residents will receive a basic income for two years; and in another eighty villages all adult residents will receive a lump sum equivalent to the two-year basic income. In all, some 26,000 individuals will receive cash transfers worth about 75 US cents a day. Data will also be collected from a control group of a hundred similar villages. The stated main objective of GiveDirectly is the eradication of ‘extreme poverty’, which is a worthy goal but is not the prime rationale for a basic income system. At the time of writing, the hypotheses to be tested had not been finalized, though one aim of the proposed study is to look at the impact of a long-term basic income on risk-taking, such as starting a business, and another is to look at village-level economic effects. The sheer size of the planned experiments may backfire by distorting the social and economic context. The project has already run into problems of low participation rates in one county, where people have refused the no-strings largesse, believing it to be linked to cults or devil worship. That said, unlike the pilots proposed in Europe, this experiment will test a genuine basic income by providing a universal, unconditional income paid to all individuals in a community. So the hope must be that the researchers, advised by well-known economists from prestigious US universities, will ask the right questions.”",
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                        "text": "“The social justice principles outlined in previous chapters provide a useful checklist for evaluating any policy. To recall, these are: The Security Difference Principle – a policy is socially just only if it improves the security of the least secure groups in society. The Paternalism Test Principle – a policy is socially just only if it does not impose controls on some groups that are not also imposed on the most free groups in society. The Rights-not-Charity Principle – a policy is socially just if it enhances the rights of the recipients of benefits or services and limits the discretionary power of the providers. To these can be added two more:1 The Ecological Constraint Principle – a policy is socially just only if it does not impose an ecological cost borne by the community or by those directly affected. The Dignified Work Principle – a policy is socially just only if it does not impede people from pursuing work in a dignified way and if it does not disadvantage the most insecure groups in that respect. Each policy should be evaluated with these principles in mind. Of course, there are trade-offs in some cases, but we should be wary of any policy that demonstrably runs counter to them.”",
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                        "text": "“It was Ephialtes, in fact, who initiated democratic reforms that involved paying citizens for jury service. Shortly afterwards, he was assassinated (allegedly by his political opponents), and Pericles, his second-in-command, then took over. So, although it was hardly the ideal omen, we could say that Ephialtes was the true originator of the basic income, or at least the ‘citizen’s income’ variant. The essence of ancient Greek democracy was that the citizens were expected to participate in the polis, the political life of the city. Pericles instituted a sort of basic income grant that rewarded them for their time and was intended to enable the plebs – the contemporary equivalent of the precariat – to take part. The payment was not conditional on actual participation, which was nevertheless seen as a moral duty. Sadly, this enlightened system of deliberative democracy, facilitated by the basic income, was overthrown by an oligarchic coup in 411 BC. The road was blocked for a very long time.”",
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