---
title: "117 Guy Standing Quotes"
description: "Guy Standing quotes on tech‑driven inequality, paternalism, and fracking policy."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b002/author-guy-standing-4017.jpg"
---

![Portrait of Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b002/author-guy-standing-4017.jpg)

# Guy Standing

 **117** quotes in **368** categories

Guy Standing argues that the technological revolution is deepening inequality and that selective paternalism can be harsher than broad welfare policies. He also calls for a national fracking fund modeled after Norway and Alaska, and he highlights how low‑income defendants often plead guilty to avoid costly trials.

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##  Quotes by Guy Standing

> [The primary value of a basic income would be its emancipatory effect.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-primary-value-of-a-basic-income-would-be-its-emancipatory-effect/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/756/guy-standing-4017_effect_the-primary-value-of-a-basic-income-woul_2107172.jpg)

> [Growth in village economies is often ignored. It should not be.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/growth-in-village-economies-is-often-ignored-it-should-not-be/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Economics](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/economics/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/53b/guy-standing-4017_economics_growth-in-village-economies-is-often-ign_2822694.jpg)

> [People, in general, want to improve their lives and the lives of their children and other loved ones.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/people-in-general-want-to-improve-their-lives-and-the-lives-of-their/)

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[Children](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/children/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/6f7/guy-standing-4017_children_people-in-general-want-to-improve-their_585467.jpg)

> [People in the precariat rely very heavily on money wages.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/people-in-the-precariat-rely-very-heavily-on-money-wages/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Money](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/money/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d6c/guy-standing-4017_money_people-in-the-precariat-rely-very-heavil_189548.jpg)

> [Every progressive movement has been built on the anger, needs, and aspirations of the emerging major class.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/every-progressive-movement-has-been-built-on-the-anger-needs-and/)

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[Anger](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/anger/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/eee/guy-standing-4017_anger_every-progressive-movement-has-been-buil_2072351.jpg)

> [“Without the freedom to make ‘mistakes’, people cannot learn to take control of their lives successfully.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/without-the-freedom-to-make-mistakes-people-cannot-learn-to-take/)

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[Freedom](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/freedom/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/308/guy-standing-4017_freedom_without-the-freedom-to-make-mistakes-peo_2817141.jpg)

> [A primary justification for a basic income is social justice.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/a-primary-justification-for-a-basic-income-is-social-justice/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Income](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/income/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a63/guy-standing-4017_income_a-primary-justification-for-a-basic-inco_2106440.jpg)

> [Chronic insecurity will not be overcome by minimum wage laws, tax credits, means-tested benefits, or workfare.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/chronic-insecurity-will-not-be-overcome-by-minimum-wage-laws-tax/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Insecurity](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/insecurity/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/282/guy-standing-4017_insecurity_chronic-insecurity-will-not-be-overcome_1369422.jpg)

> [In 1936, John Maynard Keynes predicted the 'euthanasia of the rentier' before the end of the 20th century. It did not happen.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/in-1936-john-maynard-keynes-predicted-the-euthanasia-of-the-rentier/)

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[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9b2/guy-standing-4017_20th-century_in-1936-john-maynard-keynes-predicted-th_1168025.jpg)

> [Think of how much time is spent looking and applying for jobs. Some of those who have read my book on the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/think-of-how-much-time-is-spent-looking-and-applying-for-jobs-some-of/)

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[Book](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/book/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/41a/guy-standing-4017_book_think-of-how-much-time-is-spent-looking_3073595.jpg)

> [A rich and diverse commons lowers the cost of living for those who use it. And throughout history, it has been those…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/a-rich-and-diverse-commons-lowers-the-cost-of-living-for-those-who/)

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[Commons](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/commons/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e58/guy-standing-4017_cost-of-living_a-rich-and-diverse-commons-lowers-the-co_1819080.jpg)

> [The Latin root of 'precariousness' is 'to obtain by prayer.' The precariat must ask for favours, for charity, to show obsequiousness, to…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-latin-root-of-precariousness-is-to-obtain-by-prayer-the-precariat/)

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[Authority](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/authority/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/4ff/guy-standing-4017_authority_the-latin-root-of-precariousness-is-to-o_3183704.jpg)

> [A multi-tier social protection system must be based on a modest basic income so as to enable the precariat to build lives…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/a-multi-tier-social-protection-system-must-be-based-on-a-modest-basic/)

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[Balance](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/balance/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ab7/guy-standing-4017_balance_a-multi-tier-social-protection-system-mu_2971375.jpg)

> [The precariat is the first class in history to be losing acquired rights - cultural, civil, social, economic, and political.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-precariat-is-the-first-class-in-history-to-be-losing-acquired/)

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[Class](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/class/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c45/guy-standing-4017_class_the-precariat-is-the-first-class-in-hist_3042013.jpg)

> [Retraining for the precariat is stressful and demoralising; often, they learn new tricks only to find them obsolescent or unwanted.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/retraining-for-the-precariat-is-stressful-and-demoralising-often-they/)

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[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/fa2/guy-standing-4017_find_retraining-for-the-precariat-is-stressfu_1948896.jpg)

> [In the old 20th-century income distribution system, the shares of income going to capital, mainly in profits, and labor, in wages and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/in-the-old-20th-century-income-distribution-system-the-shares-of/)

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[Income distribution](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/income-distribution/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/804/guy-standing-4017_labor_in-the-old-20th-century-income-distribut_1712179.jpg)

> [We need a new model of social protection. Let us accept that jobs are not the magic solution - and that in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/we-need-a-new-model-of-social-protection-let-us-accept-that-jobs-are/)

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[Investing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/investing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8a2/guy-standing-4017_investing_we-need-a-new-model-of-social-protection_2902323.jpg)

> [Think of a public library, worth more for those who cannot afford numerous books. Think of a public waterway or fishing ground.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/think-of-a-public-library-worth-more-for-those-who-cannot-afford/)

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[Books](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/books/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8cf/guy-standing-4017_books_think-of-a-public-library-worth-more-for_1609883.jpg)

> [“Selective paternalism, for those on low incomes or for other groups needing state assistance, is perhaps even worse than general paternalism, since…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/selective-paternalism-for-those-on-low-incomes-or-for-other-groups/)

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[Paternalism](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/paternalism/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/091/guy-standing-4017_paternalism_selective-paternalism-for-those-on-low-i_138513.jpg)

> [A democratically governed national fracking fund should be set up, perhaps similar to what Norway and Alaska have. Areas of drilling should…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/a-democratically-governed-national-fracking-fund-should-be-set-up/)

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[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/929/guy-standing-4017_beyond_a-democratically-governed-national-frack_143518.jpg)

> [If the scale of gas is anything like the claims made by its advocates, it has major implications for the economy and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/if-the-scale-of-gas-is-anything-like-the-claims-made-by-its-advocates/)

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[British](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/british/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/49b/guy-standing-4017_british_if-the-scale-of-gas-is-anything-like-the_402812.jpg)

> [Globalisation began what should be called the Great Convergence, creating a globalising labour market in which wages in emerging market economies slowly…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/globalisation-began-what-should-be-called-the-great-convergence/)

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[Europe](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/europe/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8b1/guy-standing-4017_europe_globalisation-began-what-should-be-calle_297422.jpg)

> [Across Europe, not just in the U.K., the old Beveridge and Bismarckian variants of the welfare state have been dismantled. In their…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/across-europe-not-just-in-the-u-k-the-old-beveridge-and-bismarckian/)

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[Europe](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/europe/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/20e/guy-standing-4017_europe_across-europe-not-just-in-the-u-k-the-ol_1507794.jpg)

> [Magna Carta only came into being in 1217, when the wording had been changed and parts of the original were extended in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/magna-carta-only-came-into-being-in-1217-when-the-wording-had-been/)

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[Common man](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/common-man/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b00/guy-standing-4017_common-man_magna-carta-only-came-into-being-in-1217_2452789.jpg)

> [“One reason given for supporting guaranteed jobs is that surveys suggest unemployed people are less happy than people with jobs. This is…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/one-reason-given-for-supporting-guaranteed-jobs-is-that-surveys/)

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[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/594/guy-standing-4017_quote_one-reason-given-for-supporting-guarante_1392331.jpg)

> [“What Is Meant by ‘Basic’? The term ‘basic’ causes a lot of confusion. At the least, it means an amount that would…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/what-is-meant-by-basic-the-term-basic-causes-a-lot-of-confusion-at/)

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[Cybersecurity](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/cybersecurity/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/249/guy-standing-4017_cybersecurity_what-is-meant-by-basic-the-term-basic-ca_2978979.jpg)

> [“In developing country contexts, basic income and cash transfers have been shown to have positive effects on entrepreneurship;3 in Madhya Pradesh, basic…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/in-developing-country-contexts-basic-income-and-cash-transfers-have/)

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[Business](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/business/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0d7/guy-standing-4017_business_in-developing-country-contexts-basic-inc_2569948.jpg)

> [“There is an oft-told story of a delegation going to the White House to present President Franklin D. Roosevelt with a policy…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/there-is-an-oft-told-story-of-a-delegation-going-to-the-white-house/)

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[Politics](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/politics/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3c6/guy-standing-4017_politics_there-is-an-oft-told-story-of-a-delegati_3007126.jpg)

> [“The ethical and philosophical justifications for basic income – social justice, freedom and economic security – have been well established. They are…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-ethical-and-philosophical-justifications-for-basic-income-social/)

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[Cybersecurity](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/cybersecurity/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/4fe/guy-standing-4017_cybersecurity_the-ethical-and-philosophical-justificat_52795.jpg)

> [“Too often, observers and commentators presume the poor are ‘stupid’, irrational or incapable of making rational decisions. Some enlightened experiments have shown…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/too-often-observers-and-commentators-presume-the-poor-are-stupid/)

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[Freedom](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/freedom/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/46b/guy-standing-4017_freedom_too-often-observers-and-commentators-pre_2602962.jpg)

> [“Recent research has shown that lack of basic security impairs mental as well as physical health, triggers various psychological disorders and reduces…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/recent-research-has-shown-that-lack-of-basic-security-impairs-mental/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Cybersecurity](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/cybersecurity/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0e1/guy-standing-4017_cybersecurity_recent-research-has-shown-that-lack-of-b_1283118.jpg)

> [“My contention is that a basic income would increase both the amount and the productivity of ‘work’, and could also increase the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/my-contention-is-that-a-basic-income-would-increase-both-the-amount/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Ancient greek](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/ancient-greek/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/491/guy-standing-4017_ancient-greek_my-contention-is-that-a-basic-income-wou_3209245.jpg)

> [“The experience of cash transfer programmes and basic income pilots is that, for the most part, the money is spent on ‘private…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-experience-of-cash-transfer-programmes-and-basic-income-pilots-is/)

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[Education](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/education/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1d9/guy-standing-4017_education_the-experience-of-cash-transfer-programm_735989.jpg)

> [“Unlike most alternatives, a basic income is a way of reducing poverty without stigmatizing the recipients and making them supplicants. As numerous…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/unlike-most-alternatives-a-basic-income-is-a-way-of-reducing-poverty/)

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[Poverty](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/poverty/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/417/guy-standing-4017_poverty_unlike-most-alternatives-a-basic-income_2504007.jpg)

> [“The Economist has produced a more sophisticated set of ‘back-of-the-envelope’ estimates in an interactive basic income calculator for all OECD countries.4 This…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-economist-has-produced-a-more-sophisticated-set-of-back-of-the/)

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[People with disabilities](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/people-with-disabilities/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/cc7/guy-standing-4017_people-with-disabili_the-economist-has-produced-a-more-sophis_2984113.jpg)

> [“a basic income is arguably more justified by the need for economic security than by a desire to eradicate poverty. Martin Luther…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/a-basic-income-is-arguably-more-justified-by-the-need-for-economic/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Cybersecurity](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/cybersecurity/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/fa0/guy-standing-4017_cybersecurity_a-basic-income-is-arguably-more-justifie_2676506.jpg)

> [“Environmental pollution is a regressive phenomenon, since the rich can find ways of insulating themselves from bad air, dirty water, loss of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/environmental-pollution-is-a-regressive-phenomenon-since-the-rich-can/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/cfd/guy-standing-4017_air-conditioning_environmental-pollution-is-a-regressive_3227945.jpg)

> [“Whatever variant of freedom is espoused, a basic income would enhance it. However, in the liberal tradition a basic income would be…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/whatever-variant-of-freedom-is-espoused-a-basic-income-would-enhance/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Creative work](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/creative-work/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1b5/guy-standing-4017_creative-work_whatever-variant-of-freedom-is-espoused_2701820.jpg)

> [“It is a sad irony that many countries possessing natural resources with high income potential have floundered into civil strife as factions…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/it-is-a-sad-irony-that-many-countries-possessing-natural-resources/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Leadership](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/leadership/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0cd/guy-standing-4017_leadership_it-is-a-sad-irony-that-many-countries-po_1995030.jpg)

> [“In Lebanon, home to well over a million Syrian refugees, the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) decided to use its limited ‘winterization’ funds…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/in-lebanon-home-to-well-over-a-million-syrian-refugees-the-un-refugee/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Food security](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/food-security/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8ab/guy-standing-4017_food-security_in-lebanon-home-to-well-over-a-million-s_1496496.jpg)

## Guy Standing by topic

[Inequality (14)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/inequality/guy-standing/) [Politics (13)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/politics/guy-standing/) [People (12)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/people/guy-standing/)

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                        "text": "Retraining for the precariat is stressful and demoralising; often, they learn new tricks only to find them obsolescent or unwanted.",
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                        "text": "In the old 20th-century income distribution system, the shares of income going to capital, mainly in profits, and labor, in wages and non-wage benefits, were roughly stable. But that system is no more.",
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                        "text": "We need a new model of social protection. Let us accept that jobs are not the magic solution - and that in a globalised market, job guarantees are a false promise. Let us accept flexible labour, too. But in return, let us have a society in which everybody has a right to basic security and a more equal access to other insurance-based schemes.",
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                        "text": "Think of a public library, worth more for those who cannot afford numerous books. Think of a public waterway or fishing ground. All types of commons have imputed monetary value that together comprise a source of social income. As such, the commons reduces economic inequality and insecurity in society.",
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                        "text": "A democratically governed national fracking fund should be set up, perhaps similar to what Norway and Alaska have. Areas of drilling should be rented to companies through public tender, with or without subsidies, and a rising share of profits beyond a negotiated upper limit should be deposited in the national capital fund.",
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                        "text": "If the scale of gas is anything like the claims made by its advocates, it has major implications for the economy and British society. Besides its worrying environmental aspects, it could have adverse effects on income distribution.",
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                        "text": "Globalisation began what should be called the Great Convergence, creating a globalising labour market in which wages in emerging market economies slowly converge with wages in rich economies, generating a steady drop in real wages across Europe.",
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                        "text": "Across Europe, not just in the U.K., the old Beveridge and Bismarckian variants of the welfare state have been dismantled. In their place has been erected a mish-mash of means-tested, behaviour-tested social assistance, with a growing tendency to force young unemployed into workfare schemes, which are helping to depress real wages.",
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                        "text": "Magna Carta only came into being in 1217, when the wording had been changed and parts of the original were extended in the Charter of the Forests. This complementary charter covered liberties granted to the common man, including rights to the commons, grazing, fishing, water, and firewood, and was perhaps the first ecological charter in history.",
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                        "text": "“One reason given for supporting guaranteed jobs is that surveys suggest unemployed people are less happy than people with jobs. This is hardly surprising. Being involuntarily unemployed, especially when benefits are meagre, hard to obtain and maintain, stigmatizing and uncertain, is not a happy situation. That is surely quite different from being outside a job voluntarily, with income security and without stigma. Retired people, for example, are not disproportionately unhappy. As Kate McFarland has written, ‘It’s not that our culture values jobs because jobs intrinsically make us happy; it’s that being employed tends to make us happier because we are stuck in a culture that values jobs.”",
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                        "text": "“What Is Meant by ‘Basic’? The term ‘basic’ causes a lot of confusion. At the least, it means an amount that would enable someone to survive in extremis, in the society they live in. It could be more. However, the underlying purpose is to provide basic economic security, not total security or affluence. Total security would be neither feasible nor desirable. Deciding what constitutes basic security is a challenge, but intuitively it should be easy to understand. Basic security in terms of being able to obtain enough to eat and a place to live, an opportunity to learn and access to medical care surely constitutes what any ‘good society’ should provide, equally and as certainly as it can. Most advocates of a basic income believe it should be provided as a ‘right’, meaning that it cannot be withdrawn at will. This”",
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                        "text": "“In developing country contexts, basic income and cash transfers have been shown to have positive effects on entrepreneurship;3 in Madhya Pradesh, basic income was strongly associated with new entrepreneurial activities.4 In industrialized countries, basic income would provide essential security for the growing numbers of unwillingly self-employed and independent contractors, as well as for those with entrepreneurial ambitions. More generally, it would encourage people to seek training and job opportunities in line with their skills and motivations rather than those most likely to ‘put food on the table’. This would make the economy more productive by facilitating the efficient reallocation of talent and increasing the level of job engagement. In”",
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                        "text": "“There is an oft-told story of a delegation going to the White House to present President Franklin D. Roosevelt with a policy proposal. After he had listened to them, he said, ‘Okay, you have convinced me. Now go out and bring pressure on me to do it.’ Fundamental social change rarely comes without sustained political pressure. And politicians are rarely intellectual or policy leaders, even though they will try to take the credit for something once it is up and running. Just occasionally, one emerges with the courage to lead. Pressure matters. One”",
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                        "text": "“The ethical and philosophical justifications for basic income – social justice, freedom and economic security – have been well established. They are embedded in the Enlightenment values of all civilized societies and are clearly interrelated, ultimately resting on the sentiment of empathy. This is the emotion that separates the progressive mind from the reactionary one. Empathy derives from a strong faith in the human condition. It is the ability to put oneself in another’s shoes and to accept that people have the right to live as they wish, as long as they do no intentional or careless harm to others. Defending”",
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                        "text": "“Too often, observers and commentators presume the poor are ‘stupid’, irrational or incapable of making rational decisions. Some enlightened experiments have shown that they just have fewer resources. No doubt, trust will sometimes disappoint. But it is a good principle to guide social policy. Moreover, we all need the freedom to make some poor decisions (though preferably not calamitous ones) in order to learn from them and experiment. Without the freedom to make ‘mistakes’, people cannot learn to take control of their lives successfully.”",
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                        "text": "“Recent research has shown that lack of basic security impairs mental as well as physical health, triggers various psychological disorders and reduces short-term intelligence, or ‘mental bandwidth’.18 When people lack, or fear they will lack, something essential such as money or food, preoccupation with daily hassles uses up much of their mental energy. They become worse at problem solving and make worse decisions. Insecurity also leads to lower self-esteem, blunting aspirations for themselves and those around them.19 It is thus to be expected that chronically insecure people may not act wisely or make sensible or optimal decisions, particularly in terms of strategic or longer-term planning. Asserting that only people who behave responsibly and ‘well’ should receive social benefits and assistance is putting the problem the wrong way around.”",
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                        "text": "“My contention is that a basic income would increase both the amount and the productivity of ‘work’, and could also increase the quality of ‘leisure’, in the ancient Greek sense of schole. This term, from which the English word ‘school’ is derived, meant being free from the necessity to labour, which Aristotle argued was a necessary condition for full participation in cultural and political life. That aside, would it be so bad – socially, economically and ecologically – if some people took advantage of a basic income to reduce the amount of labour and/or work?”",
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                        "text": "“The experience of cash transfer programmes and basic income pilots is that, for the most part, the money is spent on ‘private goods’, such as food for children, healthcare and schooling. What is more, studies have shown that, contrary to popular prejudice, receipt of a basic income or cash transfer leads to reduced spending on drugs, alcohol and tobacco, which can be seen as ‘therapy bads’ (or ‘compensatory bads’) for alleviating a difficult and hopeless situation. Four examples are worth reflection. In Liberia, a group of alcoholics, addicts and petty criminals were recruited from the slums, and each given the equivalent of US$200, with no conditions attached. Three years later, they were interviewed to find out what they had used the money for. The answer was mainly for food, clothing and medicine. As one of the researchers wondered, if such people did not squander a basic income grant, who would?8 Another study, reported by The Economist, took place in the City of London, known as the Square Mile, where a ‘hidden legion of homeless people’ emerges in the evening.9 Broadway, a charity, identified 338 of them, most of whom had spent over a year living on the streets. It singled out the longest-term rough sleepers, those who had been on the streets for over four years, asked what they needed to change their lives and gave it to them. The average outlay was £794. Of the thirteen who engaged, eleven had moved off the streets within a year. None said they wanted the money for drink, drugs or gambling. Several told researchers that they cooperated because they were offered control over their lives, rather than, in their eyes, being bullied into hostels. And the cost was a fraction of the £26,000 estimated to be spent annually on each homeless person, in health, police and prison bills.”",
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                        "text": "“Unlike most alternatives, a basic income is a way of reducing poverty without stigmatizing the recipients and making them supplicants. As numerous studies have shown, the stigma attached to means-tested targeted welfare means that many people in real need do not apply for assistance, from pride, fear or ignorance. It is shameful that politicians persist in supporting such schemes when the inherent defects are well known. The contrast with a universalistic scheme was brought out in the Canadian Mincome experiment in Dauphin, Manitoba (see Chapter 11).5 Many people on low incomes, including the unemployed, did not apply for standard ‘welfare’ because of stigma, but gladly took the unconditional minimum income payments that blurred distinctions between low-wage workers, the unemployed and recipients of social assistance. Respondents to questions about the experiment said they welcomed the Mincome payments because they made them feel independent and enabled them to work while avoiding the invasive and degrading procedures associated with means-tested welfare. As one man said, these gave ‘a bad image to the family’. Another”",
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                        "text": "“The Economist has produced a more sophisticated set of ‘back-of-the-envelope’ estimates in an interactive basic income calculator for all OECD countries.4 This purports to show how much could be paid as a basic income by switching spending on non-health transfers, leaving tax revenues and other public spending unchanged. Interestingly, even on this very restrictive basis, a cluster of seven west European countries could already pay over $10,000 per person per year. The United States could pay $6,300 and Britain $5,800. Obviously, for most countries, the level of basic income that could be financed from this tax-neutral welfare-switching exercise would be modest – though, especially for bottom-ranked countries such as South Korea ($2,200) or Mexico (only $900), this largely reflects their current low tax take and welfare spending. The Economist’s interactive calculator also aims to calculate what tax rises would be needed to pay a basic income of a given amount. For the UK, the calculator estimates that the cost of a basic income of one-third average GDP per head would require a 15 percentage point rise in tax take. Its calculations can again be questioned in their own terms. However, all these back-of-the-envelope exercises are flawed in more fundamental ways. First, they do not allow for clawing the basic income back in tax from higher-income earners, which could be done with no net cost to the affluent or to the Exchequer, simply by tweaking tax rates and allowances so that the extra tax take equals the basic income paid. Second, they do not take account of administrative savings from removal of means testing and behaviour conditions. Administration accounted for £8 billion of the £172 billion 2013–14 budget of the UK’s Department of Work and Pensions, much of which will have gone to pay staff in local job centres to monitor and sanction benefit recipients. This does not include hundreds of millions of pounds paid to private contractors to carry out so-called ‘work assessment’ tests on people with disabilities, which have led to denial of benefits to some of society’s most vulnerable people. Third, they compare the cost of a basic income with the existing welfare budget and assume that all other areas of public spending remain intact. Yet governments can always choose to realign spending priorities. The UK government could save billions by scrapping the plan to replace the Trident nuclear missile system, now estimated to cost more than £200 billion over its lifetime. It could save further billions by ending subsidies that go predominantly to corporations and the affluent.”",
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                        "text": "“a basic income is arguably more justified by the need for economic security than by a desire to eradicate poverty. Martin Luther King captured several aspects of this rather well in his 1967 book, Where Do We Go from Here? [A] host of positive psychological changes inevitably will result from widespread economic security. The dignity of the individual will flourish when the decisions concerning his life are in his own hands, when he has the assurance that his income is stable and certain, and when he knows that he has the means to seek self-improvement. Personal conflicts between husband, wife and children will diminish when the unjust measurement of human worth on a scale of dollars is eliminated.15 Twentieth-century welfare states tried to reduce certain risks of insecurity with contributory insurance schemes. In an industrial economy, the probability of so-called ‘contingency risks’, such as illness, workplace accidents, unemployment and disability, could be estimated actuarially. A system of social insurance could be constructed that worked reasonably well for the majority. In a predominantly ‘tertiary’ economy, in which more people are in and out of temporary, part-time and casual jobs and are doing a lot of unpaid job-related work outside fixed hours and workplaces, this route to providing basic security has broken down. The”",
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                        "text": "“Environmental pollution is a regressive phenomenon, since the rich can find ways of insulating themselves from bad air, dirty water, loss of green spaces and so on. Moreover, much pollution results from production and activities that benefit the more affluent – air transport, car ownership, air conditioning, consumer goods of all kinds, to take some obvious examples. A basic income could be construed, in part, as partial compensation for pollution costs imposed on us, as a matter of social justice. Conversely, a basic income could be seen as compensation for those adversely affected by environmental protection measures. A basic income would make it easier for governments to impose taxes on polluting activities that might affect livelihoods or have a regressive impact by raising prices for goods bought by low-income households. For instance, hefty carbon taxes would deter fossil fuel use and thus reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change as well as reduce air pollution. Introducing a carbon tax would surely be easier politically if the tax take went towards providing a basic income that would compensate those on low incomes, miners and others who would lose income-earning opportunities. The basic income case is especially strong in relation to the removal of fossil fuel subsidies. Across the world, in rich countries and in poor, governments have long used subsidies as a way of reducing poverty, by keeping down the price of fuel. This has encouraged more consumption, and more wasteful use, of fossil fuels. Moreover, fuel subsidies are regressive, since the rich consume more and thus gain more from the subsidies. But governments have been reluctant to reduce or eliminate the subsidies for fear of alienating voters. Indeed, a number of countries that have tried to reduce fuel subsidies have backed down in the face of angry popular demonstrations.”",
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                        "text": "“Whatever variant of freedom is espoused, a basic income would enhance it. However, in the liberal tradition a basic income would be both necessary and sufficient, if judged high enough to meet basic needs. In the republican tradition, however, basic income would be necessary but not sufficient; other institutions and policies would be needed properly to advance freedom. A basic income would strengthen the following prosaic or day-to-day freedoms: — the freedom to refuse a job that is onerous, boring, low-paying or just nasty; — the freedom to accept a job that is none of the above but which could not be accepted if financial necessity dictated; — the freedom to stay in a job that pays less than previously or that has become more financially insecure; — the freedom to start a small-scale business venture, which is risky but potentially rewarding; — the freedom to do care work for a relative or friend, or voluntary work in and for the community, that might not be feasible if financial necessity required long hours of paid labour; — the freedom to do creative work and activities of all kinds; — the freedom to risk learning new skills or competences; — the freedom from bureaucratic interference, prying and coercion; — the freedom to form relationships and perhaps set up ‘home’ with someone, often precluded today by financial insecurity; — the freedom to leave a relationship that has turned sour or abusive; — the freedom to have a child; — the freedom to be lazy once in a while, a vital freedom to which we will return. Would alternative social policies do as well on any of these counts? At the very least, a social protection policy should be neutral on behavioural freedom, not moralistic, directive, coercive or punitive. The”",
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                        "text": "“It is a sad irony that many countries possessing natural resources with high income potential have floundered into civil strife as factions compete for their share of the bounty, often monopolized by despotic leaders. Sharing the resource wealth across the country is one suggested way to defuse the threat of political conflict, usually by transferring part of the earnings to local area governments and, in particular, to the area where the natural resource is exploited, be it oil, diamonds or other minerals. In some cases, this fiscal devolution route has limited the conflict, if the amount transferred is large enough. However, in others it has triggered conflict by giving local dissidents the means to pay for insurrection.57 It turns out that the optimum way to defuse or prevent potential conflict is to pay direct cash transfers to all individuals, which would make it much more difficult for secessionist movements or local political parties to appropriate the resources.”",
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                        "text": "“In Lebanon, home to well over a million Syrian refugees, the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) decided to use its limited ‘winterization’ funds to pay cash transfers to vulnerable families living above 500 metres altitude. These were unconditional, although recipients were told they were intended for buying heating supplies. Recipient families were then compared with a control group living just below 500 metres. The researchers found that cash assistance did lead to increased spending on fuel supplies, but it also boosted school enrolment, reduced child labour and increased food security.55 One notable finding was that the basic income tended to increase mutual support between beneficiaries and others in the community, reduced tension within recipient families, and improved relationships with the host community. There were significant multiplier effects, with each dollar of cash assistance generating more than $2 for the Lebanese economy, most of which was spent locally.”",
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