---
title: "104 Eric S. Raymond Quotes - Famous Programmer (The New Hacker's Dictionary)"
description: "Eric S. Raymond quotes about software joy, language choice, and motivation."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b008/author-eric-s-raymond-5007.jpg"
---

![Portrait of Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b008/author-eric-s-raymond-5007.jpg)

# Eric S. Raymond

(1957)   Programmer   United States

 **104** quotes in **528** categories

Eric S. Raymond says that joy can be an asset when building better software, and he points out that the choice of language, like C++, can weigh down productivity. He also warns that a security system is only as strong as its secret, and that the best programmers are driven by passion, not by money.

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Eric S. Raymond is a programmer from the United States, best known for *The New Hacker's Dictionary*.

## Quick Facts About Eric S. Raymond

Born December 4, 1957

Nationality United States

Profession Programmer

Notable works The New Hacker's Dictionary

Known for The Cathedral and the Bazaar

## About Eric S. Raymond

He is often called ESR. In the 1990s he edited and updated the Jargon File, which was published as The New Hacker’s Dictionary, and he also wrote a guidebook for the roguelike game NetHack.

##  Quotes by Eric S. Raymond

> [In the beginning, there were Real Programmers.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/in-the-beginning-there-were-real-programmers/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Beginning](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/beginning/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b4a/eric-s-raymond-5007_beginning_in-the-beginning-there-were-real-program_2554957.png)

> [That stupid people are more violent is a fact independent of skin color.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/that-stupid-people-are-more-violent-is-a-fact-independent-of-skin/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Color](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/color/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e41/eric-s-raymond-5007_color_that-stupid-people-are-more-violent-is-a_2914285.png)

> [“This is quite unlikely to happen to Linux,”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/this-is-quite-unlikely-to-happen-to-linux/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Linux](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/linux/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/74b/eric-s-raymond-5007_linux_this-is-quite-unlikely-to-happen-to-linu_389717.png)

> [With enough eyes, all bugs are shallow.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/with-enough-eyes-all-bugs-are-shallow/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Bugs](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/bugs/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d69/eric-s-raymond-5007_bugs_with-enough-eyes-all-bugs-are-shallow-31_3117846.png)

> [“Brook’s Law: “Adding more programmers to a late project makes it later.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/brook-s-law-adding-more-programmers-to-a-late-project-makes-it-later/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Programmers](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/programmers/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f40/eric-s-raymond-5007_programmers_brook-s-law-adding-more-programmers-to-a_2459318.png)

> [It is widely grokked that cats have the hacker nature](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/it-is-widely-grokked-that-cats-have-the-hacker-nature/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Cat](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/cat/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0e4/eric-s-raymond-5007_cat_it-is-widely-grokked-that-cats-have-the_113165.png)

> [Free markets select for winning solutions.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/free-markets-select-for-winning-solutions/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Free market](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/free-market/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/00e/eric-s-raymond-5007_free-market_free-markets-select-for-winning-solution_1492519.png)

> [“Joy, humor, and playfulness are indeed assets;”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/joy-humor-and-playfulness-are-indeed-assets/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Humor](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/humor/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c82/eric-s-raymond-5007_humor_joy-humor-and-playfulness-are-indeed-ass_513138.png)

> [Complexity control is the central problem of writing software in the real world](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/complexity-control-is-the-central-problem-of-writing-software-in-the/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Complexity](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/complexity/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/331/eric-s-raymond-5007_complexity_complexity-control-is-the-central-proble_1109879.png)

> [Any tool should be useful in the expected way, but a truly great tool lends itself to uses you never expected.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/any-tool-should-be-useful-in-the-expected-way-but-a-truly-great-tool/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Expected](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/expected/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c79/eric-s-raymond-5007_expected_any-tool-should-be-useful-in-the-expecte_921623.png)

> [Equally, the Internet interprets attempts at proprietary control as threats and mobilizes to defeat them.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/equally-the-internet-interprets-attempts-at-proprietary-control-as/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Defeat](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/defeat/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8da/eric-s-raymond-5007_defeat_equally-the-internet-interprets-attempts_2281508.png)

> [Smart data structures and dumb code works a lot better than the other way around.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/smart-data-structures-and-dumb-code-works-a-lot-better-than-the-other/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Code](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/code/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e01/eric-s-raymond-5007_code_smart-data-structures-and-dumb-code-work_1452607.jpg)

> [Berkeley hackers liked to see themselves as rebels against soulless corporate empires.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/berkeley-hackers-liked-to-see-themselves-as-rebels-against-soulless/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Berkeley](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/berkeley/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e6b/eric-s-raymond-5007_berkeley_berkeley-hackers-liked-to-see-themselves_2625940.png)

> [Being able to break security doesn't make you a hacker anymore than being able to hotwire cars makes you an automotive engineer.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/being-able-to-break-security-doesn-t-make-you-a-hacker-anymore-than/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Able](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/able/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3dc/eric-s-raymond-5007_able_being-able-to-break-security-doesn-t-mak_2237983.png)

> [“nobody who can think should ever be forced into a situation that bores them.)”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/nobody-who-can-think-should-ever-be-forced-into-a-situation-that/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Forced](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/forced/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/da6/eric-s-raymond-5007_forced_nobody-who-can-think-should-ever-be-forc_1414586.png)

> [If you treat your beta-testers as if they're your most valuable resource, they will respond by becoming your most valuable resource.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/if-you-treat-your-beta-testers-as-if-they-re-your-most-valuable/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Becoming](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/becoming/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/517/eric-s-raymond-5007_becoming_if-you-treat-your-beta-testers-as-if-the_1397751.png)

> [“The verdict of history seems to be that free-market capitalism is the globally optimal way to cooperate for economic efficiency; perhaps, in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/the-verdict-of-history-seems-to-be-that-free-market-capitalism-is-the/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Capitalism](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/capitalism/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/02e/eric-s-raymond-5007_capitalism_the-verdict-of-history-seems-to-be-that_642180.png)

> [Linux evolved in a completely different way. From nearly the beginning, it was rather casually hacked on by huge numbers of volunteers…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/linux-evolved-in-a-completely-different-way-from-nearly-the-beginning/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Different](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/different/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d3a/eric-s-raymond-5007_different_linux-evolved-in-a-completely-different_487023.jpg)

> [“Investors are still thinking through the consequences of reinventing the software industry as one with an explicit focus on service rather than…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/investors-are-still-thinking-through-the-consequences-of-reinventing/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Intellectual property](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/intellectual-property/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b3a/eric-s-raymond-5007_intellectual-propert_investors-are-still-thinking-through-the_1343519.jpg)

> [“Part of the answer certainly lies in the fact that using software does not decrease its value. Indeed, widespread use of open-source…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/part-of-the-answer-certainly-lies-in-the-fact-that-using-software/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Open source](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/open-source/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/355/eric-s-raymond-5007_open-source_part-of-the-answer-certainly-lies-in-the_1772991.png)

> [Provided the development coordinator has a communications medium at least as good as the Internet and knows how to lead without coercion,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/provided-the-development-coordinator-has-a-communications-medium-at/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Coercion](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/coercion/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/36a/eric-s-raymond-5007_coercion_provided-the-development-coordinator-has_689553.png)

> [As a Facebook user, do I have control of the data Facebook keeps about me? Concretely: can I examine and modify that…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/as-a-facebook-user-do-i-have-control-of-the-data-facebook-keeps-about/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[About](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/about/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c35/eric-s-raymond-5007_about_as-a-facebook-user-do-i-have-control-of_2154738.png)

> [When writing gateway software of any kind, take pains to disturb the data stream as little as possible - and never throw…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/when-writing-gateway-software-of-any-kind-take-pains-to-disturb-the/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Data](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/data/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/072/eric-s-raymond-5007_data_when-writing-gateway-software-of-any-kin_2383343.png)

> [A critical factor in its success was that the X developers were willing to give the sources away for free in accordance…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/a-critical-factor-in-its-success-was-that-the-x-developers-were/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Able](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/able/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a4e/eric-s-raymond-5007_able_a-critical-factor-in-its-success-was-tha_3080841.png)

> [“Yes, the success of open source does call into some question the utility of command-and-control systems, of secrecy, of centralization, and of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/yes-the-success-of-open-source-does-call-into-some-question-the/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Intellectual property](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/intellectual-property/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d33/eric-s-raymond-5007_intellectual-propert_yes-the-success-of-open-source-does-call_2590090.jpg)

> [“The reason this is a serious issue is that both the pool of users and the pool of talent available to be…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/the-reason-this-is-a-serious-issue-is-that-both-the-pool-of-users-and/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Open source](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/open-source/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1ee/eric-s-raymond-5007_open-source_the-reason-this-is-a-serious-issue-is-th_314755.png)

> [I believe, but cannot prove, that global “AIDS” is a whole cluster of unrelated diseases all of which have been swept under…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/i-believe-but-cannot-prove-that-global-aids-is-a-whole-cluster-of/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Aids](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/aids/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/592/eric-s-raymond-5007_aids_i-believe-but-cannot-prove-that-global-a_418331.png)

> [Rushing to optimize before the bottlenecks are known may be the only error to have ruined more designs than feature creep. From…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/rushing-to-optimize-before-the-bottlenecks-are-known-may-be-the-only/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Bottlenecks](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/bottlenecks/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1b6/eric-s-raymond-5007_bottlenecks_rushing-to-optimize-before-the-bottlenec_519424.jpg)

> [Lisp was far more powerful and flexible than any other language of its day; in fact, it is still a better design…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/lisp-was-far-more-powerful-and-flexible-than-any-other-language-of/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Creative](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/creative/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a68/eric-s-raymond-5007_creative_lisp-was-far-more-powerful-and-flexible_1684804.jpg)

> [Ugly programs are like ugly suspension bridges: they're much more liable to collapse than pretty ones, because the way humans (especially engineer-humans)…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/ugly-programs-are-like-ugly-suspension-bridges-they-re-much-more/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Ability](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/ability/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/600/eric-s-raymond-5007_ability_ugly-programs-are-like-ugly-suspension-b_826971.jpg)

> [“One thing I understood from the beginning is that the press almost completely tunes out abstractions. They won’t write about ideas without…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/one-thing-i-understood-from-the-beginning-is-that-the-press-almost/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Journalism](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/journalism/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/6e9/eric-s-raymond-5007_journalism_one-thing-i-understood-from-the-beginnin_831757.jpg)

> [When are programmers happy? They're happy when they're not underutilized - when they're not bored - and also when they're not overburdened…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/when-are-programmers-happy-they-re-happy-when-they-re-not/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Also](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/also/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/461/eric-s-raymond-5007_also_when-are-programmers-happy-they-re-happy_426005.png)

> [“If (as is generally accepted) over 75% of a typical software project’s life-cycle costs will be in maintenance and debugging and extensions,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/if-as-is-generally-accepted-over-75-of-a-typical-software-project-s/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Programming](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/programming/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/aa1/eric-s-raymond-5007_programming_if-as-is-generally-accepted-over-75-of-a_127971.jpg)

> [“The Lockean logic of custom suggests strongly that open-source hackers observe the customs they do in order to defend some kind of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/the-lockean-logic-of-custom-suggests-strongly-that-open-source/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Better job](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/better-job/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8bb/eric-s-raymond-5007_better-job_the-lockean-logic-of-custom-suggests-str_2074494.jpg)

> [“in the absence of money compensation, think “It’s not worth submitting this fix because I’ll have to clean up the patch, write…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/in-the-absence-of-money-compensation-think-it-s-not-worth-submitting/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Contributing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/contributing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/47c/eric-s-raymond-5007_contributing_in-the-absence-of-money-compensation-thi_2013682.jpg)

> [“The Linux world behaves in many respects like a free market or an ecology, a collection of selfish agents attempting to maximize…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/the-linux-world-behaves-in-many-respects-like-a-free-market-or-an-2/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Altruism](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/altruism/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/bc1/eric-s-raymond-5007_altruism_the-linux-world-behaves-in-many-respects_900233.jpg)

> [“The history of Unix should have prepared us for what we’re learning from Linux (and what I’ve verified experimentally on a smaller…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/the-history-of-unix-should-have-prepared-us-for-what-we-re-learning/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Coding](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/coding/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/6e3/eric-s-raymond-5007_coding_the-history-of-unix-should-have-prepared_525059.png)

> [“Amabile goes on to observe that “The more complex the activity, the more it’s hurt by extrinsic reward.” Interestingly, the studies suggest…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/amabile-goes-on-to-observe-that-the-more-complex-the-activity-the/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Programming](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/programming/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/72d/eric-s-raymond-5007_programming_amabile-goes-on-to-observe-that-the-more_1016182.jpg)

> [“An almost equally important payoff of open source is its utility as a way to propagate open standards and build markets around…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/an-almost-equally-important-payoff-of-open-source-is-its-utility-as-a/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Internet](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/internet/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/281/eric-s-raymond-5007_internet_an-almost-equally-important-payoff-of-op_1090256.png)

> [“Similarly, to be a hacker you have to get a basic thrill from solving problems, sharpening your skills, and exercising your intelligence.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-s-raymond/similarly-to-be-a-hacker-you-have-to-get-a-basic-thrill-from-solving/)

[Eric S. Raymond](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-s-raymond/)

[Adventure](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/adventure/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/320/eric-s-raymond-5007_adventure_similarly-to-be-a-hacker-you-have-to-get_2014823.png)

## Eric S. Raymond by topic

[Programming (45)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/programming/eric-s-raymond/) [Technology (35)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/technology/eric-s-raymond/) [Cybersecurity (13)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/cybersecurity/eric-s-raymond/) [Inspirational (12)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/inspirational/eric-s-raymond/) [Open source (11)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/open-source/eric-s-raymond/) [Hackers (10)](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/hackers/eric-s-raymond/)

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                        "text": "I believe, but cannot prove, that global “AIDS” is a whole cluster of unrelated diseases all of which have been swept under a single rug for essentially political reasons, and that the identification of HIV as the sole pathogen is likely to go down as one of the most colossal blunders in the history of medicine.",
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                        "text": "Rushing to optimize before the bottlenecks are known may be the only error to have ruined more designs than feature creep. From tortured code to incomprehensible data layouts, the results of obsessing about speed or memory or disk usage at the expense of transparency and simplicity are everywhere. They spawn innumerable bugs and cost millions of man-hours - often, just to get marginal gains in the use of some resource much less expensive than debugging time",
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                        "text": "Lisp was far more powerful and flexible than any other language of its day; in fact, it is still a better design than most languages of today, twenty-five years later. Lisp freed ITS's hackers to think in unusual and creative ways. It was a major factor in their successes, and remains one of hackerdom's favorite languages.",
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                        "text": "When are programmers happy? They're happy when they're not underutilized - when they're not bored - and also when they're not overburdened with inappropriate specifications or meaningless bureaucracies. In other words, programmers are happiest when they're working efficiently. This is a general preference in creative work.",
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                        "text": "“If (as is generally accepted) over 75% of a typical software project’s life-cycle costs will be in maintenance and debugging and extensions, then the common price policy of charging a high fixed purchase price and relatively low or zero support fees is bound to lead to results that serve all parties poorly. Consumers lose because, even though software is a service industry, the incentives in the factory model all work against a vendor’s offering competent service. If the vendor’s money comes from selling bits, most effort will go into making bits and shoving them out the door; the help desk, not a profit center, will become a dumping ground for the least effective employees and get only enough resources to avoid actively alienating a critical number of customers.”",
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                        "text": "“The Lockean logic of custom suggests strongly that open-source hackers observe the customs they do in order to defend some kind of expected return from their effort. The return must be more significant than the effort of homesteading projects, the cost of maintaining version histories that document “chain of title”, and the time cost of making public notifications and waiting before taking adverse possession of an orphaned project. Furthermore, the “yield” from open source must be something more than simply the use of the software, something else that would be compromised or diluted by forking. If use were the only issue, there would be no taboo against forking, and open-source ownership would not resemble land tenure at all. In fact, this alternate world (where use is the only yield, and forking is unproblematic) is the one implied by existing open-source licenses. We can eliminate some candidate kinds of yield right away. Because you can’t coerce effectively over a network connection, seeking power is right out. Likewise, the open-source culture doesn’t have anything much resembling money or an internal scarcity economy, so hackers cannot be pursuing anything very closely analogous to material wealth (e.g. the accumulation of scarcity tokens). There is one way that open-source activity can help people become wealthier, however — a way that provides a valuable clue to what actually motivates it. Occasionally, the reputation one gains in the hacker culture can spill over into the real world in economically significant ways. It can get you a better job offer, or a consulting contract, or a book deal. This kind of side effect, however, is at best rare and marginal for most hackers; far too much so to make it convincing as a sole explanation, even if we ignore the repeated protestations by hackers that they’re doing what they do not for money but out of idealism or love. However, the way such economic side effects are mediated is worth examination.”",
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                        "text": "“in the absence of money compensation, think “It’s not worth submitting this fix because I’ll have to clean up the patch, write a ChangeLog entry, and sign the FSF assignment papers...”. It’s for this reason that the number of contributors (and, at second order, the success of) projects is strongly and inversely correlated with the number of hoops each project makes a contributing user go through. Such friction costs may be political as well as mechanical. Together I think they explain why the loose, amorphous Linux culture has attracted orders of magnitude more cooperative energy than the more tightly organized and centralized BSD efforts — and why the Free Software Foundation has receded in relative importance as Linux has risen.”",
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                        "text": "“The Linux world behaves in many respects like a free market or an ecology, a collection of selfish agents attempting to maximize utility which in the process produces a self-correcting spontaneous order more elaborate and efficient than any amount of central planning could have achieved. Here, then, is the place to seek the “principle of understanding”. The “utility function” Linux hackers are maximizing is not classically economic, but is the intangible of their own ego satisfaction and reputation among other hackers. (One may call their motivation “altruistic”, but this ignores the fact that altruism is itself a form of ego satisfaction for the altruist). Voluntary cultures that work this way are not actually uncommon; one other in which I have long participated is science fiction fandom, which unlike hackerdom has long explicitly recognized “egoboo” (ego-boosting, or the enhancement of one’s reputation among other fans) as the basic drive behind volunteer activity. Linus, by successfully positioning himself as the gatekeeper of a project in which the development is mostly done by others, and nurturing interest in the project until it became self-sustaining, has shown an acute grasp of Kropotkin’s “principle of shared understanding”. This quasi-economic view of the Linux world enables us to see how that understanding is applied. We may view Linus’s method as a way to create an efficient market in “egoboo” — to connect the selfishness of individual hackers as firmly as possible to difficult ends that can only be achieved by sustained cooperation. With the fetchmail project I have shown (albeit on a smaller scale) that his methods can be duplicated with good results. Perhaps I have even done it a bit more consciously and systematically than he.”",
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                        "text": "“The history of Unix should have prepared us for what we’re learning from Linux (and what I’ve verified experimentally on a smaller scale by deliberately copying Linus’s methodsNote 12). That is, while coding remains an essentially solitary activity, the really great hacks come from harnessing the attention and brainpower of entire communities. The developer who uses only his or her own brain in a closed project is going to fall behind the developer who knows how to create an open, evolutionary context in which feedback exploring the design space, code contributions, bug-spotting, and other improvements come from from hundreds (perhaps thousands) of people.”",
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                        "text": "“Amabile goes on to observe that “The more complex the activity, the more it’s hurt by extrinsic reward.” Interestingly, the studies suggest that flat salaries don’t demotivate, but piecework rates and bonuses do. Thus, it may be economically smart to give performance bonuses to people who flip burgers or dug ditches, but it’s probably smarter to decouple salary from performance in a programming shop and let people choose their own projects (both trends that the open-source world takes to their logical conclusions). Indeed, these results suggest that the only time it is a good idea to reward performance in programming is when the programmer is so motivated that he or she would have worked without the reward! Other researchers in the field are willing to point a finger straight at the issues of autonomy and creative control that so preoccupy hackers. “To the extent one’s experience of being self-determined is limited,” said Richard Ryan, associate psychology professor at the University of Rochester, “one’s creativity will be reduced as well.” In general, presenting any task as a means rather than an end in itself seems to demotivate. Even winning a competition with others or gaining peer esteem can be demotivating in this way if the victory is experienced as work for reward (which may explain why hackers are culturally prohibited from explicitly seeking or claiming that esteem).”",
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                        "text": "“An almost equally important payoff of open source is its utility as a way to propagate open standards and build markets around them. The dramatic growth of the Internet owes much to the fact that nobody owns TCP/IP; nobody has a proprietary lock on the core Internet protocols. The network effects behind TCP/IP’s and Linux’s success are fairly clear and reduce ultimately to issues of trust and symmetry — potential parties to a shared infrastructure can rationally trust it more if they can see how it works all the way down, and will prefer an infrastructure in which all parties have symmetrical rights to one in which a single party is in a privileged position to extract rents or exert control. It is not, however, actually necessary to assume network effects in order for symmetry issues to be important to software consumers. No software consumer will rationally choose to lock itself”",
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                        "text": "“Similarly, to be a hacker you have to get a basic thrill from solving problems, sharpening your skills, and exercising your intelligence. If you aren’t the kind of person that feels this way naturally, you’ll need to become one in order to make it as a hacker. Otherwise you’ll find your hacking energy is sapped by distractions like sex, money, and social approval. (You also have to develop a kind of faith in your own learning capacity — a belief that even though you may not know all of what you need to solve a problem, if you tackle just a piece of it and learn from that, you’ll learn enough to solve the next piece — and so on, until you’re done.)”",
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