--- title: "13 Theory Quotes By Paul Feyerabend" description: "13 Theory quotes by Paul Feyerabend. Plus more from Paul Feyerabend and more Theory sayings from other authors." image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/83d/paul-feyerabend-10420_clash_facts-are-constituted-by-older-ideologie_604674.png" --- > [Facts are constituted by older ideologies, and a clash between facts and theories may be proof of progress.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/facts-are-constituted-by-older-ideologies-and-a-clash-between-facts/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) [Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/83d/paul-feyerabend-10420_clash_facts-are-constituted-by-older-ideologie_604674.png) > [No single theory ever agrees with all the facts in its domain](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/no-single-theory-ever-agrees-with-all-the-facts-in-its-domain/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) [Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e9d/paul-feyerabend-10420_agree_no-single-theory-ever-agrees-with-all-th_2779040.png) > [Experience arises together with theoretical assumptions not before them, and an experience without theory is just as incomprehensible as is (allegedly) a…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/experience-arises-together-with-theoretical-assumptions-not-before/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) [Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b1a/paul-feyerabend-10420_arise_experience-arises-together-with-theoreti_327609.png) > [Not only are facts and theories in constant disharmony, they are never as neatly separated as everyone makes them out to be.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/not-only-are-facts-and-theories-in-constant-disharmony-they-are-never/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) [Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d28/paul-feyerabend-10420_constant_not-only-are-facts-and-theories-in-const_2842750.png) > [Taking experimental results and observations for granted and putting the burden of proof on the theory means taking the observational ideology for…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/taking-experimental-results-and-observations-for-granted-and-putting/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) [Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e88/paul-feyerabend-10420_burden_taking-experimental-results-and-observat_953062.png) > [No theory ever agrees with all the facts in its domain, yet it is not always the theory that is to blame.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/no-theory-ever-agrees-with-all-the-facts-in-its-domain-yet-it-is-not/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) [Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/35f/paul-feyerabend-10420_agree_no-theory-ever-agrees-with-all-the-facts_613194.png) > [So far Unitarian realism claiming to possess positive knowledge about Ultimate Reality has succeeded only by excluding large areas of phenomena or…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/so-far-unitarian-realism-claiming-to-possess-positive-knowledge-about/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) [Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f22/paul-feyerabend-10420_areas_so-far-unitarian-realism-claiming-to-pos_2277052.jpg) > [It is often assumed that science starts from facts and eschews counter-factual theories. Nothing could be further from the truth. What is…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/it-is-often-assumed-that-science-starts-from-facts-and-eschews/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) [Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7a5/paul-feyerabend-10420_assumption_it-is-often-assumed-that-science-starts_2690141.png) > [One might get the impression that I recommend a new methodology which replaces induction by counterinduction and uses a multiplicity of theories,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/one-might-get-the-impression-that-i-recommend-a-new-methodology-which/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) [Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/780/paul-feyerabend-10420_convince_one-might-get-the-impression-that-i-reco_130732.jpg) > [Knowledge is not a series of self consistent theories that converges towards an ideal view; it is rather an ever increasing ocean…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/knowledge-is-not-a-series-of-self-consistent-theories-that-converges-2/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) [Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9b5/paul-feyerabend-10420_fairy-tale_knowledge-is-not-a-series-of-self-consis_2814188.png) > [The material which a scientist actually has at his disposal, his laws, his experimental results, his mathematical techniques, his epistemological prejudices, his…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/the-material-which-a-scientist-actually-has-at-his-disposal-his-laws/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) [Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ca2/paul-feyerabend-10420_absurd_the-material-which-a-scientist-actually_1287711.png) > [Knowledge is not a series of self-consistent theories that converges toward an ideal view; it is rather an ever increasing ocean of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/knowledge-is-not-a-series-of-self-consistent-theories-that-converges/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) [Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8f5/paul-feyerabend-10420_alternatives_knowledge-is-not-a-series-of-self-consis_2161777.jpg) > [It is clear, then, that the idea of a fixed method, or of a fixed theory of rationality, rests on too naive…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/it-is-clear-then-that-the-idea-of-a-fixed-method-or-of-a-fixed-theory/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) [Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ee1/paul-feyerabend-10420_anything-goes_it-is-clear-then-that-the-idea-of-a-fixe_2692563.jpg) ## Other authors on Theory ## More by Paul Feyerabend > [Every profession has an ideology and a drive for power that goes far beyond its achievements and it is the task of democracy to…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/every-profession-has-an-ideology-and-a-drive-for-power-that-goes-far/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) > [Science is an essentially anarchic enterprise...](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/science-is-an-essentially-anarchic-enterprise/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) > [One might get the impression that I recommend a new methodology which replaces induction by counterinduction and uses a multiplicity of theories, metaphysical views,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/one-might-get-the-impression-that-i-recommend-a-new-methodology-which/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) > [A Universal Good should reflect the reality of the individual benefits that are collected under its name, not the other way around.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/a-universal-good-should-reflect-the-reality-of-the-individual/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) > [The sciences of today are business enterprises run on business principles. Research in large institutes is not guided by Truth and Reason but by…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/the-sciences-of-today-are-business-enterprises-run-on-business/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) > [Experience arises together with theoretical assumptions not before them, and an experience without theory is just as incomprehensible as is (allegedly) a theory without…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/experience-arises-together-with-theoretical-assumptions-not-before/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) > [Ultimate Reality, if such an entity can be postulated, is ineffable.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/ultimate-reality-if-such-an-entity-can-be-postulated-is-ineffable/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) > [Today science prevails not because of its comparative merits, but because the show has been rigged in its favour... It reigns supreme because some…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/today-science-prevails-not-because-of-its-comparative-merits-but/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) > [The only absolute truth is that there are no absolute truths.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/the-only-absolute-truth-is-that-there-are-no-absolute-truths/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) > [Humane science must be adapted to the requirements of a balanced and rewarding life.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/humane-science-must-be-adapted-to-the-requirements-of-a-balanced-and/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) > [Unanimity of opinion may be fitting for a church, for the frightened or greedy victims of some (ancient, or modern) myth, or for the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/unanimity-of-opinion-may-be-fitting-for-a-church-for-the-frightened/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) > [Facts are constituted by older ideologies, and a clash between facts and theories may be proof of progress.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/facts-are-constituted-by-older-ideologies-and-a-clash-between-facts/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) > [No theory ever agrees with all the facts in its domain, yet it is not always the theory that is to blame. Facts are…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/no-theory-ever-agrees-with-all-the-facts-in-its-domain-yet-it-is-not/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) > [In a war a totalitarian state has a free hand.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/in-a-war-a-totalitarian-state-has-a-free-hand/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) > [A free society is a society in which all traditions have equal rights and equal access to the centers of power. A tradition receives…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/a-free-society-is-a-society-in-which-all-traditions-have-equal-rights/) [Paul Feyerabend](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-feyerabend/) ```json { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "ItemList", "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/theory/paul-feyerabend/#itemlist", "name": "13 Theory Quotes By Paul Feyerabend", "numberOfItems": 13, "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "item": { "@type": "Quotation", "text": "Facts are constituted by older ideologies, and a clash between facts and theories may be proof of progress.", "creator": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Paul Feyerabend" }, "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/facts-are-constituted-by-older-ideologies-and-a-clash-between-facts/", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/83d/paul-feyerabend-10420_clash_facts-are-constituted-by-older-ideologie_604674.png", 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"Taking experimental results and observations for granted and putting the burden of proof on the theory means taking the observational ideology for granted without having ever examined it.", "creator": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Paul Feyerabend" }, "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/taking-experimental-results-and-observations-for-granted-and-putting/", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e88/paul-feyerabend-10420_burden_taking-experimental-results-and-observat_953062.png", "contentUrl": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e88/paul-feyerabend-10420_burden_taking-experimental-results-and-observat_953062.png", "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e88/paul-feyerabend-10420_burden_taking-experimental-results-and-observat_953062.png", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "caption": "“Taking experimental results and observations for granted and putting the burden of proof on the theory means…” — Paul Feyerabend", "creditText": "SMS4Smile Quotes", "creator": { "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#organization" } } } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 6, "item": { "@type": "Quotation", "text": "No theory ever agrees with all the facts in its domain, yet it is not always the theory that is to blame. Facts are constituted by older ideologies, and a clash between facts and theories may be proof of progress. It is also a first step in our attempt to find the principles implicit in familiar observational notions.", "creator": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Paul Feyerabend" }, "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/no-theory-ever-agrees-with-all-the-facts-in-its-domain-yet-it-is-not/", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/35f/paul-feyerabend-10420_agree_no-theory-ever-agrees-with-all-the-facts_613194.png", "contentUrl": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/35f/paul-feyerabend-10420_agree_no-theory-ever-agrees-with-all-the-facts_613194.png", "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/35f/paul-feyerabend-10420_agree_no-theory-ever-agrees-with-all-the-facts_613194.png", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "caption": "“No theory ever agrees with all the facts in its domain, yet it is not always the theory that is to blame…” — Paul Feyerabend", "creditText": "SMS4Smile Quotes", "creator": { "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#organization" } } } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 7, "item": { "@type": "Quotation", "text": "So far Unitarian realism claiming to possess positive knowledge about Ultimate Reality has succeeded only by excluding large areas of phenomena or by declaring, without proof, that they could be reduced to basic theory, which, in this connection, means elementary particle physics.", "creator": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Paul Feyerabend" }, "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/so-far-unitarian-realism-claiming-to-possess-positive-knowledge-about/", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f22/paul-feyerabend-10420_areas_so-far-unitarian-realism-claiming-to-pos_2277052.jpg", "contentUrl": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f22/paul-feyerabend-10420_areas_so-far-unitarian-realism-claiming-to-pos_2277052.jpg", "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f22/paul-feyerabend-10420_areas_so-far-unitarian-realism-claiming-to-pos_2277052.jpg", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "caption": "“So far Unitarian realism claiming to possess positive knowledge about Ultimate Reality has succeeded only by…” — Paul Feyerabend", "creditText": "SMS4Smile Quotes", "creator": { "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#organization" } } } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 8, "item": { "@type": "Quotation", "text": "It is often assumed that science starts from facts and eschews counter-factual theories. Nothing could be further from the truth. What is one of the basic assumptions of the scientific world-view? That the variety of events that surrounds us is held together by a deeper unity.", "creator": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Paul Feyerabend" }, "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/it-is-often-assumed-that-science-starts-from-facts-and-eschews/", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7a5/paul-feyerabend-10420_assumption_it-is-often-assumed-that-science-starts_2690141.png", "contentUrl": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7a5/paul-feyerabend-10420_assumption_it-is-often-assumed-that-science-starts_2690141.png", "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7a5/paul-feyerabend-10420_assumption_it-is-often-assumed-that-science-starts_2690141.png", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "caption": "“It is often assumed that science starts from facts and eschews counter-factual theories. Nothing could be…” — Paul Feyerabend", "creditText": "SMS4Smile Quotes", "creator": { "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#organization" } } } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 9, "item": { "@type": "Quotation", "text": "One might get the impression that I recommend a new methodology which replaces induction by counterinduction and uses a multiplicity of theories, metaphysical views, fairy tales, instead of the customary pair theory/observation. This impression would certainly be mistaken. My intention is not to replace one set of general rules by another such set: my intention is rather to convince the reader that all methodologies, even the most obvious ones, have their limits.", "creator": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Paul Feyerabend" }, "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/one-might-get-the-impression-that-i-recommend-a-new-methodology-which/", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/780/paul-feyerabend-10420_convince_one-might-get-the-impression-that-i-reco_130732.jpg", "contentUrl": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/780/paul-feyerabend-10420_convince_one-might-get-the-impression-that-i-reco_130732.jpg", "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/780/paul-feyerabend-10420_convince_one-might-get-the-impression-that-i-reco_130732.jpg", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "caption": "“One might get the impression that I recommend a new methodology which replaces induction by counterinduction…” — Paul Feyerabend", "creditText": "SMS4Smile Quotes", "creator": { "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#organization" } } } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 10, "item": { "@type": "Quotation", "text": "Knowledge is not a series of self consistent theories that converges towards an ideal view; it is rather an ever increasing ocean of mutually incompatible (and perhaps even incommensurable) alternatives, each single theory, each fairy tale, each myth", "creator": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Paul Feyerabend" }, "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/knowledge-is-not-a-series-of-self-consistent-theories-that-converges-2/", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9b5/paul-feyerabend-10420_fairy-tale_knowledge-is-not-a-series-of-self-consis_2814188.png", "contentUrl": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9b5/paul-feyerabend-10420_fairy-tale_knowledge-is-not-a-series-of-self-consis_2814188.png", "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9b5/paul-feyerabend-10420_fairy-tale_knowledge-is-not-a-series-of-self-consis_2814188.png", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "caption": "“Knowledge is not a series of self consistent theories that converges towards an ideal view; it is rather an…” — Paul Feyerabend", "creditText": "SMS4Smile Quotes", "creator": { "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#organization" } } } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 11, "item": { "@type": "Quotation", "text": "The material which a scientist actually has at his disposal, his laws, his experimental results, his mathematical techniques, his epistemological prejudices, his attitude towards the absurd consequences of the theories which he accepts, is indeterminate in many ways, ambiguous, and never fully separated from the historical background . This material is always contaminated by principles which he does not know and which, if known, would be extremely hard to test.", "creator": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Paul Feyerabend" }, "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/the-material-which-a-scientist-actually-has-at-his-disposal-his-laws/", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ca2/paul-feyerabend-10420_absurd_the-material-which-a-scientist-actually_1287711.png", "contentUrl": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ca2/paul-feyerabend-10420_absurd_the-material-which-a-scientist-actually_1287711.png", "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ca2/paul-feyerabend-10420_absurd_the-material-which-a-scientist-actually_1287711.png", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "caption": "“The material which a scientist actually has at his disposal, his laws, his experimental results, his…” — Paul Feyerabend", "creditText": "SMS4Smile Quotes", "creator": { "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#organization" } } } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 12, "item": { "@type": "Quotation", "text": "Knowledge is not a series of self-consistent theories that converges toward an ideal view; it is rather an ever increasing ocean of mutually incompatible (and perhaps even incommensurable) alternatives, each single theory, each fairy tale, each myth that is part of the collection forcing the others into greater articulation and all of them contributing, via this process of competition, to the development of our consciousness.", "creator": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Paul Feyerabend" }, "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/knowledge-is-not-a-series-of-self-consistent-theories-that-converges/", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8f5/paul-feyerabend-10420_alternatives_knowledge-is-not-a-series-of-self-consis_2161777.jpg", "contentUrl": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8f5/paul-feyerabend-10420_alternatives_knowledge-is-not-a-series-of-self-consis_2161777.jpg", "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8f5/paul-feyerabend-10420_alternatives_knowledge-is-not-a-series-of-self-consis_2161777.jpg", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "caption": "“Knowledge is not a series of self-consistent theories that converges toward an ideal view; it is rather an…” — Paul Feyerabend", "creditText": "SMS4Smile Quotes", "creator": { "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#organization" } } } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 13, "item": { "@type": "Quotation", "text": "It is clear, then, that the idea of a fixed method, or of a fixed theory of rationality, rests on too naive a view of man and his social surroundings. To those who look at the rich material provided by history, and who are not intent on impoverishing it in order to please their lower instincts, their craving for intellectual security in the form of clarity, precision, 'objectivity', 'truth', it will become clear that there is only one principle that can be defended under all circumstances and in all stages of human development. It is the principle: anything goes.", "creator": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Paul Feyerabend" }, "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-feyerabend/it-is-clear-then-that-the-idea-of-a-fixed-method-or-of-a-fixed-theory/", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ee1/paul-feyerabend-10420_anything-goes_it-is-clear-then-that-the-idea-of-a-fixe_2692563.jpg", "contentUrl": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ee1/paul-feyerabend-10420_anything-goes_it-is-clear-then-that-the-idea-of-a-fixe_2692563.jpg", "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ee1/paul-feyerabend-10420_anything-goes_it-is-clear-then-that-the-idea-of-a-fixe_2692563.jpg", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "caption": "“It is clear, then, that the idea of a fixed method, or of a fixed theory of rationality, rests on too naive…” — Paul Feyerabend", "creditText": "SMS4Smile Quotes", "creator": { "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#organization" } } } } ] }, { "@type": "CollectionPage", "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/theory/paul-feyerabend/#webpage", "url": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/theory/paul-feyerabend/", "name": "Theory Quotes by Paul Feyerabend", "isPartOf": { "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/#website" }, "mainEntity": { "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/theory/paul-feyerabend/#itemlist" }, "primaryImageOfPage": { "@id": "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/83d/paul-feyerabend-10420_clash_facts-are-constituted-by-older-ideologie_604674.png" }, "description": "13 Theory quotes by Paul Feyerabend. 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