---
title: "60 Science Quotes By Yuval Noah Harari"
description: "Science quotes by Yuval Noah Harari discuss power, utility, and myth."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/15f/yuval-noah-harari-100_empire_yet-the-connection-between-science-and-e_488120.jpg"
---

> [“Yet the connection between science and empire went much deeper.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/yet-the-connection-between-science-and-empire-went-much-deeper/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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> [“Earlier traditions usually formulated their theories in terms of stories. Modern science uses mathematics”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/earlier-traditions-usually-formulated-their-theories-in-terms-of-2/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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> [“as collective institutions, science and religion prefer order and power over truth.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/as-collective-institutions-science-and-religion-prefer-order-and/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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> [“Scientific Revolution has not been a revolution of knowledge. It has been above all a revolution of ignorance.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/scientific-revolution-has-not-been-a-revolution-of-knowledge-it-has/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/23c/yuval-noah-harari-100_ignorance_scientific-revolution-has-not-been-a-rev_1155405.jpg)

> [“There are no gods, no nations, no money and no human rights, except in our collective imagination.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/there-are-no-gods-no-nations-no-money-and-no-human-rights-except-in/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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> [“The greatest scientific discovery was the discovery of ignorance.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-greatest-scientific-discovery-was-the-discovery-of-ignorance/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8c4/yuval-noah-harari-100_discovery_the-greatest-scientific-discovery-was-th_2445754.jpg)

> [“Science is unable to set its own priorities. It is also incapable of determining what to do with its discoveries.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/science-is-unable-to-set-its-own-priorities-it-is-also-incapable-of/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/579/yuval-noah-harari-100_incapable_science-is-unable-to-set-its-own-priorit_2658962.jpg)

> [“However, only rarely do scientists dictate the scientific agenda.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/however-only-rarely-do-scientists-dictate-the-scientific-agenda/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/da8/yuval-noah-harari-100_rarely_however-only-rarely-do-scientists-dictat_2933030.jpg)

> [“This unique species, known by scientists as Homo floresiensis, reached a maximum height of only one metre and weighed no more than…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/this-unique-species-known-by-scientists-as-homo-floresiensis-reached/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8f8/yuval-noah-harari-100_evolution_this-unique-species-known-by-scientists_2389508.jpg)

> [“Science advances one funeral at a time. Only when one generation passes away do new theories have a chance to root out…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/science-advances-one-funeral-at-a-time-only-when-one-generation/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/bb9/yuval-noah-harari-100_funeral_science-advances-one-funeral-at-a-time-o_2517332.jpg)

> [“Planck famously said that science advances one funeral at a time. He meant that only when one generation passes away do new…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/planck-famously-said-that-science-advances-one-funeral-at-a-time-he/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0a6/yuval-noah-harari-100_funeral_planck-famously-said-that-science-advanc_574208.jpg)

> [“An institution can call itself by whatever name it wants, but if it lacks a strong self-correcting mechanism, it is not a…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/an-institution-can-call-itself-by-whatever-name-it-wants-but-if-it/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/783/yuval-noah-harari-100_institutions_an-institution-can-call-itself-by-whatev_1166369.jpg)

> [“Whereas the Agricultural Revolution gave rise to theist religions, the Scientific Revolution gave birth to humanist religions, in which humans replaced gods.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/whereas-the-agricultural-revolution-gave-rise-to-theist-religions-the/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/fed/yuval-noah-harari-100_gods_whereas-the-agricultural-revolution-gave_2203575.jpg)

> [“science says that nobody is ever made happy by getting a promotion, winning the lottery or even finding true love. People are…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/science-says-that-nobody-is-ever-made-happy-by-getting-a-promotion/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9bf/yuval-noah-harari-100_happiness_science-says-that-nobody-is-ever-made-ha_1527411.jpg)

> [“The world’s military forces initiate, fund and steer a large part of humanity’s scientific research and technological development.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-world-s-military-forces-initiate-fund-and-steer-a-large-part-of/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/5f6/yuval-noah-harari-100_science_the-world-s-military-forces-initiate-fun_109411.jpg)

> [“The willingness to admit ignorance has made modern science more dynamic, supple and inquisitive than any previous tradition of knowledge. This has…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-willingness-to-admit-ignorance-has-made-modern-science-more/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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> [“Indeed, even Richard Dawkins, Steven Pinker and the other champions of the new scientific world view refuse to abandon liberalism. After dedicating…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/indeed-even-richard-dawkins-steven-pinker-and-the-other-champions-of/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/31c/yuval-noah-harari-100_brain-science_indeed-even-richard-dawkins-steven-pinke_3135804.jpg)

> [“The scientist who says her life is meaningful because she increases the store of human knowledge, the soldier who declares that his…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-scientist-who-says-her-life-is-meaningful-because-she-increases/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/5d7/yuval-noah-harari-100_business_the-scientist-who-says-her-life-is-meani_3207140.jpg)

> [“However, the Scientific Revolution freed humankind from this conviction. The greatest scientific discovery was the discovery of ignorance. Once humans realised how…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/however-the-scientific-revolution-freed-humankind-from-this/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/bc0/yuval-noah-harari-100_faith_however-the-scientific-revolution-freed_1843269.jpg)

> [“Yet in practice, science and religion are like a husband and wife who after 500 years of marriage counselling still don’t know…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/yet-in-practice-science-and-religion-are-like-a-husband-and-wife-who/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/284/yuval-noah-harari-100_husband-and-wife_yet-in-practice-science-and-religion-are_2528814.jpg)

> [“single overarching theory that unifies all the scientific disciplines from musicology through economics to biology. According to Dataism, Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony, a…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/single-overarching-theory-that-unifies-all-the-scientific-disciplines/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/21c/yuval-noah-harari-100_discipline_single-overarching-theory-that-unifies-a_42160.jpg)

> [“Leave science out of it and live in accordance with a non-scientific absolute truth. This has been the strategy of liberal humanism,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/leave-science-out-of-it-and-live-in-accordance-with-a-non-scientific/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/57d/yuval-noah-harari-100_absolute-truth_leave-science-out-of-it-and-live-in-acco_89389.jpg)

> [“Three important revolutions shaped the course of history: the Cognitive Revolution kick-started history about 70,000 years ago. The Agricultural Revolution sped it…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/three-important-revolutions-shaped-the-course-of-history-the/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/571/yuval-noah-harari-100_history_three-important-revolutions-shaped-the-c_538605.jpg)

> [“Who knows if science will always be able to simultaneously save the economy from freezing and the ecology from boiling. And since…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/who-knows-if-science-will-always-be-able-to-simultaneously-save-the/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d00/yuval-noah-harari-100_environment_who-knows-if-science-will-always-be-able_1897009.jpg)

> [“Religion is interested above all in order. It aims to create and maintain the social structure. Science is interested above all in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/religion-is-interested-above-all-in-order-it-aims-to-create-and/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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> [“1.​Science is converging on an all-encompassing dogma, which says that organisms are algorithms and life is data processing. 2.​Intelligence is decoupling from…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/1-science-is-converging-on-an-all-encompassing-dogma-which-says-that/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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> [“In the nineteenth century, scientists described brains and minds as if they were steam engines. Why steam engines? Because that was the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/in-the-nineteenth-century-scientists-described-brains-and-minds-as-if/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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> [“Every religion, ideology and creed has its shadow, and no matter which creed you follow you should acknowledge your shadow and avoid…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/every-religion-ideology-and-creed-has-its-shadow-and-no-matter-which/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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> [“Finally, some scientists concede that consciousness is real and may actually have great moral and political value, but that it fulfils no…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/finally-some-scientists-concede-that-consciousness-is-real-and-may/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7e8/yuval-noah-harari-100_carbon-dioxide_finally-some-scientists-concede-that-con_1514370.jpg)

> [“If scientific discoveries and technological developments split humankind into a mass of useless humans and a small elite of upgraded superhumans, or…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/if-scientific-discoveries-and-technological-developments-split/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a46/yuval-noah-harari-100_highly-intelligent_if-scientific-discoveries-and-technologi_1153208.jpg)

> [“The scientists not only sanctified human feelings, but also found an excellent evolutionary reason to do so. After Darwin, biologists began explaining…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-scientists-not-only-sanctified-human-feelings-but-also-found-an/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/5d4/yuval-noah-harari-100_natural-selection_the-scientists-not-only-sanctified-human_262582.jpg)

> [“According to current scientific dogma, everything I experience is the result of electrical activity in my brain, and it should therefore be…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/according-to-current-scientific-dogma-everything-i-experience-is-the/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/02a/yuval-noah-harari-100_real-world_according-to-current-scientific-dogma-ev_2246120.jpg)

> [“Timeline of History Years Before the Present 13.5 billion Matter and energy appear. Beginning of physics. Atoms and molecules appear. Beginning of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/timeline-of-history-years-before-the-present-13-5-billion-matter-and/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/615/yuval-noah-harari-100_evolution_timeline-of-history-years-before-the-pre_3072005.jpg)

> [“In the nineteenth century, scientists described brains and minds as if they were steam engines. Why steam engines? Because that was the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/in-the-nineteenth-century-scientists-described-brains-and-minds-as-if-2/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f97/yuval-noah-harari-100_having-sex_in-the-nineteenth-century-scientists-des_2382625.jpg)

> [“The scientific project starts by rejecting the fantasy of infallibility and proceeding to construct an information network that takes error to be…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-scientific-project-starts-by-rejecting-the-fantasy-of/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ba0/yuval-noah-harari-100_collaboration_the-scientific-project-starts-by-rejecti_520391.jpg)

> [“Today, the 4-billion-year-old regime of natural selection is facing a completely different challenge. In laboratories throughout the world, scientists are engineering living…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/today-the-4-billion-year-old-regime-of-natural-selection-is-facing-a/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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> [“The real nemesis of the modern economy is ecological collapse. Both scientific progress and economic growth take place within a brittle biosphere,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-real-nemesis-of-the-modern-economy-is-ecological-collapse-both/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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> [“Such racist theories, prominent and respectable for many decades, have become anathema among scientists and politicians alike. People continue to conduct a…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/such-racist-theories-prominent-and-respectable-for-many-decades-have/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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> [“We often associate science with the values of secularism and tolerance. If so, early modern Europe is the last place you would…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/we-often-associate-science-with-the-values-of-secularism-and/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/deb/yuval-noah-harari-100_full-moon_we-often-associate-science-with-the-valu_2818438.jpg)

> [“Even if bad comes to worse and science cannot hold off the deluge, engineers could still build a hi-tech Noah’s Ark for…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/even-if-bad-comes-to-worse-and-science-cannot-hold-off-the-deluge/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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## More by Yuval Noah Harari

> [“For similar reasons, archaic humans did not initiate any revolutions. As far as we can tell, changes in social patterns, the invention of new…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/for-similar-reasons-archaic-humans-did-not-initiate-any-revolutions/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Today the main source of wealth is knowledge. And whereas you can conquer oil fields through war, you cannot acquire knowledge that way.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/today-the-main-source-of-wealth-is-knowledge-and-whereas-you-can/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“How do you cause people to believe in an imagined order such as Christianity, democracy or capitalism? First, you never admit that the order…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/how-do-you-cause-people-to-believe-in-an-imagined-order-such-as/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [I think the basic thing that happened is we have lost our story. Humans think in stories, and we try to make sense of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/i-think-the-basic-thing-that-happened-is-we-have-lost-our-story/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Whereas chimpanzees spend five hours a day chewing raw food, a single hour suffices for people eating cooked food. The advent of cooking enabled…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/whereas-chimpanzees-spend-five-hours-a-day-chewing-raw-food-a-single/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“the Chinese air-purification market is booming.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-chinese-air-purification-market-is-booming/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Whereas liberalism merged with the milder versions of nationalism to protect the unique experiences of each human community, evolutionary humanists such as Hitler identified…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/whereas-liberalism-merged-with-the-milder-versions-of-nationalism-to/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Corporations, money and nations exist only in our imagination. We invented them to serve us; why do we find ourselves sacrificing our lives in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/corporations-money-and-nations-exist-only-in-our-imagination-we/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Small children in affluent societies often dislike showering, and it takes them years of education and parental discipline to adopt this supposedly attractive custom.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/small-children-in-affluent-societies-often-dislike-showering-and-it/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Ever more scholars see cultures as a kind of mental infection or parasite, with humans as its unwitting host. Organic parasites, such as viruses,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/ever-more-scholars-see-cultures-as-a-kind-of-mental-infection-or/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Soviet Communism was a fanatical and missionary religion. A devout Communist could not be a Christian or a Buddhist, and was expected to spread…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/soviet-communism-was-a-fanatical-and-missionary-religion-a-devout/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Whereas religion asks us to believe in something, money asks us to believe that other people believe in something”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/whereas-religion-asks-us-to-believe-in-something-money-asks-us-to/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Terrorists are like a fly that tries to destroy a china shop. The fly is so weak that it cannot budge even a single…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/terrorists-are-like-a-fly-that-tries-to-destroy-a-china-shop-the-fly/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Yet what happens if the greedy shoemaker increases his profits by paying employees less and increasing their work hours? The standard answer is that…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/yet-what-happens-if-the-greedy-shoemaker-increases-his-profits-by/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“A natural order is a stable order. There is no chance that gravity will cease to function tomorrow, even if people stop believing in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/a-natural-order-is-a-stable-order-there-is-no-chance-that-gravity/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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                        "text": "“The world’s military forces initiate, fund and steer a large part of humanity’s scientific research and technological development.”",
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                        "text": "“Indeed, even Richard Dawkins, Steven Pinker and the other champions of the new scientific world view refuse to abandon liberalism. After dedicating hundreds of erudite pages to deconstructing the self and the freedom of will, they perform breathtaking intellectual somersaults that miraculously land them back in the eighteenth century, as if all the amazing discoveries of evolutionary biology and brain science have absolutely no bearing on the ethical and political ideas of Locke, Rousseau and Jefferson.”",
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                        "text": "“The scientist who says her life is meaningful because she increases the store of human knowledge, the soldier who declares that his life is meaningful because he fights to defend his homeland, and the entrepreneur who finds meaning in building a new company are no less delusional than their medieval counterparts who found meaning in reading scriptures, going on a crusade or building a new cathedral.”",
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                        "text": "“However, the Scientific Revolution freed humankind from this conviction. The greatest scientific discovery was the discovery of ignorance. Once humans realised how little they knew about the world, they suddenly had a very good reason to seek new knowledge, which opened up the scientific road to progress”",
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                        "text": "“Yet in practice, science and religion are like a husband and wife who after 500 years of marriage counselling still don’t know each other. He still dreams about Cinderella and she keeps pining for Prince Charming, while they argue about whose turn it is to take out the rubbish.”",
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                        "text": "“single overarching theory that unifies all the scientific disciplines from musicology through economics to biology. According to Dataism, Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony, a stock-exchange bubble and the flu virus are just three patterns of dataflow that can be analysed using the same basic”",
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                        "text": "“Leave science out of it and live in accordance with a non-scientific absolute truth. This has been the strategy of liberal humanism, which is built on a dogmatic belief in the unique worth and rights of human beings – a doctrine which has embarrassingly little in common with the scientific study of Homo sapiens.”",
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                        "text": "“Three important revolutions shaped the course of history: the Cognitive Revolution kick-started history about 70,000 years ago. The Agricultural Revolution sped it up about 12,000 years ago. The Scientific Revolution, which got under way only 500 years ago, may well end history and start something completely different. This book tells the story of how these three revolutions have affected humans and their fellow organisms.”",
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                        "text": "“Who knows if science will always be able to simultaneously save the economy from freezing and the ecology from boiling. And since the pace just keeps accelerating, the margins for error keep narrowing. If previously it was sufficient to invent something amazing once a century, today we need to come up with a miracle every two years. We”",
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                        "text": "“Religion is interested above all in order. It aims to create and maintain the social structure. Science is interested above all in power. Through research, it aims to acquire the power to cure diseases, fight wars and produce food. As individuals, scientists and priests may give immense importance to the truth; but as collective institutions, science and religion prefer order and power over truth. They therefore make good bedfellows. The uncompromising quest for truth is a spiritual journey, which can seldom remain within the confines of either religious or scientific establishments.”",
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                        "text": "“1.​Science is converging on an all-encompassing dogma, which says that organisms are algorithms and life is data processing. 2.​Intelligence is decoupling from consciousness. 3.​Non-conscious but highly intelligent algorithms may soon know us better than we know ourselves. These three processes raise three key questions, which I hope will stick in your mind long after you have finished this book: 1.​Are organisms really just algorithms, and is life really just data processing? 2.​What’s more valuable – intelligence or consciousness? 3.​What will happen to society, politics and daily life when non-conscious but highly intelligent algorithms know us better than we know ourselves?”",
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                        "text": "“In the nineteenth century, scientists described brains and minds as if they were steam engines. Why steam engines? Because that was the leading technology of the day, which powered trains, ships and factories, so when humans tried to explain life, they assumed it must work according to analogous principles. Mind and body are made of pipes, cylinders, valves and pistons that build and release pressure, thereby producing movements and actions. Such thinking had a deep influence even on Freudian psychology, which is why much of our psychological jargon is still replete with concepts borrowed from mechanical engineering.”",
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                        "text": "“Every religion, ideology and creed has its shadow, and no matter which creed you follow you should acknowledge your shadow and avoid the naïve reassurance that ‘it cannot happen to us’. Secular science has at least one big advantage over most traditional religions, namely that it is not terrified of its shadow, and it is in principle willing to admit its mistakes and blind spots. If you believe in an absolute truth revealed by a transcendent power, you cannot allow yourself to admit any error – for that would nullify your whole story. But if you believe in a quest for truth by fallible humans, admitting blunders is an inherent part of the game.”",
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                        "text": "“Finally, some scientists concede that consciousness is real and may actually have great moral and political value, but that it fulfils no biological function whatsoever. Consciousness is the biologically useless by-product of certain brain processes. Jet engines roar loudly, but the noise doesn’t propel the aeroplane forward. Humans don’t need carbon dioxide, but each and every breath fills the air with more of the stuff. Similarly, consciousness may be a kind of mental pollution produced by the firing of complex neural networks. It doesn’t do anything. It is just there. If this is true, it implies that all the pain and pleasure experienced by billions of creatures for millions of years is just mental pollution. This is certainly a thought worth thinking, even if it isn’t true. But it is quite amazing to realise that as of 2016, this is the best theory of consciousness that contemporary science has to offer us. Maybe”",
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                        "text": "“If scientific discoveries and technological developments split humankind into a mass of useless humans and a small elite of upgraded superhumans, or if authority shifts altogether away from human beings into the hands of highly intelligent algorithms, then liberalism will collapse. What new religions or ideologies might fill the resulting vacuum and guide the subsequent evolution of our godlike descendants? 10 The Ocean of Consciousness The new religions are unlikely to emerge from the caves of Afghanistan or from the madrasas of the Middle East.”",
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                        "text": "“The scientists not only sanctified human feelings, but also found an excellent evolutionary reason to do so. After Darwin, biologists began explaining that feelings are complex algorithms honed by evolution to help animals make correct decisions. Our love, our fear and our passion aren’t some nebulous spiritual phenomena good only for composing poetry. Rather, they encapsulate millions of years of practical wisdom. When you read the Bible you are getting advice from a few priests and rabbis who lived in ancient Jerusalem. In contrast, when you listen to your feelings, you follow an algorithm that evolution has developed for millions of years, and that withstood the harshest quality-control tests of natural selection. Your feelings are the voice of millions of ancestors, each of whom managed to survive and reproduce in an unforgiving environment.”",
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                        "text": "“According to current scientific dogma, everything I experience is the result of electrical activity in my brain, and it should therefore be theoretically feasible to simulate an entire virtual world that I could not possibly distinguish from the ‘real’ world. Some brain scientists believe that in the not too distant future, we shall actually do such things. Well, maybe it has already been done – to you? For all you know, the year might be 2216 and you are a bored teenager immersed inside a ‘virtual world’ game that simulates the primitive and exciting world of the early twenty-first century. Once you acknowledge the mere feasibility of this scenario, mathematics leads you to a very scary conclusion: since there is only one real world, whereas the number of potential virtual worlds is infinite, the probability that you happen to inhabit the sole real world is almost zero.”",
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                        "text": "“Timeline of History Years Before the Present 13.5 billion Matter and energy appear. Beginning of physics. Atoms and molecules appear. Beginning of chemistry. 4.5 billion Formation of planet Earth. 3.8 billion Emergence of organisms. Beginning of biology. 6 million Last common grandmother of humans and chimpanzees. 2.5 million Evolution of the genus Homo in Africa. First stone tools. 2 million Humans spread from Africa to Eurasia. Evolution of different human species. 500,000 Neanderthals evolve in Europe and the Middle East. 300,000 Daily usage of fire. 200,000 Homo sapiens evolves in East Africa. 70,000 The Cognitive Revolution. Emergence of fictive language. Beginning of history. Sapiens spread out of Africa. 45,000 Sapiens settle Australia. Extinction of Australian megafauna. 30,000 Extinction of Neanderthals. 16,000 Sapiens settle America. Extinction of American megafauna. 13,000 Extinction of Homo floresiensis. Homo sapiens the only surviving human species. 12,000 The Agricultural Revolution. Domestication of plants and animals. Permanent settlements. 5,000 First kingdoms, script and money. Polytheistic religions. 4,250 First empire – the Akkadian Empire of Sargon. 2,500 Invention of coinage – a universal money. The Persian Empire – a universal political order ‘for the benefit of all humans’. Buddhism in India – a universal truth ‘to liberate all beings from suffering’. 2,000 Han Empire in China. Roman Empire in the Mediterranean. Christianity. 1,400 Islam. 500 The Scientific Revolution. Humankind admits its ignorance and begins to acquire unprecedented power. Europeans begin to conquer America and the oceans. The entire planet becomes a single historical arena. The rise of capitalism. 200 The Industrial Revolution. Family and community are replaced by state and market. Massive extinction of plants and animals. The Present Humans transcend the boundaries of planet Earth. Nuclear weapons threaten the survival of humankind. Organisms are increasingly shaped by intelligent design rather than natural selection. The Future Intelligent design becomes the basic principle of life? Homo sapiens is replaced by superhumans?”",
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                        "text": "“In the nineteenth century, scientists described brains and minds as if they were steam engines. Why steam engines? Because that was the leading technology of the day, which powered trains, ships and factories, so when humans tried to explain life, they assumed it must work according to analogous principles. Mind and body are made of pipes, cylinders, valves and pistons that build and release pressure, thereby producing movements and actions. Such thinking had a deep influence even on Freudian psychology, which is why much of our psychological jargon is still replete with concepts borrowed from mechanical engineering. Consider, for example, the following Freudian argument: ‘Armies harness the sex drive to fuel military aggression. The army recruits young men just when their sexual drive is at its peak. The army limits the soldiers’ opportunities of actually having sex and releasing all that pressure, which consequently accumulates inside them. The army then redirects this pent-up pressure and allows it to be released in the form of military aggression.’ This is exactly how a steam engine works.”",
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                        "text": "“The scientific project starts by rejecting the fantasy of infallibility and proceeding to construct an information network that takes error to be inescapable. Sure, there is much talk about the genius of Copernicus, Darwin, and Einstein, but none of them is considered faultless. They all made mistakes, and even the most celebrated scientific tracts are sure to contain errors and lacunae. Since even geniuses suffer from confirmation bias, you cannot trust them to correct their own errors. Science is a team effort, relying on institutional collaboration rather than on individual scientists or, say, a single infallible book. Of course, institutions too are prone to error. Scientific institutions are nevertheless different from religious institutions, inasmuch as they reward skepticism and innovation rather than conformity. Scientific institutions are also different from conspiracy theories, inasmuch as they reward self-skepticism. Conspiracy theorists tend to be extremely skeptical regarding the existing consensus, but when it comes to their own beliefs, they lose all their skepticism and fall prey to confirmation bias. The trademark of science is not merely skepticism but self-skepticism, and at the heart of every scientific institution we find a strong self-correcting mechanism. Scientific institutions do reach a broad consensus about the accuracy of certain theories—such as quantum mechanics or the theory of evolution—but only because these theories have managed to survive intense efforts to disprove them, launched not only by outsiders but by members of the institution itself.”",
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                        "text": "“Today, the 4-billion-year-old regime of natural selection is facing a completely different challenge. In laboratories throughout the world, scientists are engineering living beings. They break the laws of natural selection with impunity, unbridled even by an organism’s original characteristics. Eduardo Kac, a Brazilian bio-artist, decided in 2000 to create a new work of art: a fluorescent green rabbit. Kac contacted a French laboratory and offered it a fee to engineer a radiant bunny according to his specifications. The French scientists took a run-of-the-mill white rabbit embryo, implanted in its DNA a gene taken from a green fluorescent jellyfish, and voilà! One green fluorescent rabbit for le monsieur. Kac named the rabbit Alba. It is impossible to explain the existence of Alba through the laws of natural selection. She is the product of intelligent design. She is also a harbinger of things to come. If the potential Alba signifies is realised in full – and if humankind doesn’t annihilate itself meanwhile – the Scientific Revolution might prove itself far greater than a mere historical revolution. It may turn out to be the most important biological revolution since the appearance of life on earth. After 4 billion years of natural selection, Alba stands at the dawn of a new cosmic era, in which life will be ruled by intelligent design. If this happens, the whole of human history up to that point might, with hindsight, be reinterpreted as a process of experimentation and apprenticeship that revolutionised the game of life. Such a process should be understood from a cosmic perspective of billions of years, rather than from a human perspective of millennia. Biologists the world over are locked in battle with the intelligent-design movement, which opposes the teaching of Darwinian evolution in schools and claims that biological complexity proves there must be a creator who thought out all biological details in advance. The biologists are right about the past, but the proponents of intelligent design might, ironically, be right about the future. At the time of writing, the replacement of natural selection by intelligent design could happen in any of three ways: through biological engineering, cyborg engineering (cyborgs are beings that combine organic with non-organic parts) or the engineering of in-organic life.”",
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                        "text": "“The real nemesis of the modern economy is ecological collapse. Both scientific progress and economic growth take place within a brittle biosphere, and as they gather steam, so the shock waves destabilise the ecology. In order to provide every person in the world with the same standard of living as affluent Americans, we would need a few more planets – but we only have this one. If progress and growth do end up destroying the ecosystem, the cost will be dear not merely to vampires, foxes and rabbits, but also to Sapiens. An ecological meltdown will cause economic ruin, political turmoil, a fall in human standards of living, and it might threaten the very existence of human civilisation. We could lessen the danger by slowing down the pace of progress and growth. If this year investors expect to get a 6 per cent return on their portfolios, in ten years they will be satisfied with a 3 per cent return, in twenty years only 1 per cent, and in thirty years the economy will stop growing and we’ll be happy with what we’ve already got. Yet the creed of growth firmly objects to such a heretical idea. Instead, it suggests we should run even faster. If our discoveries destabilise the ecosystem and threaten humanity, then we should discover something to protect ourselves. If the ozone layer dwindles and exposes us to skin cancer, we should invent better sunscreen and better cancer treatments, thereby also promoting the growth of new sunscreen factories and cancer centres. If all the new industries pollute the atmosphere and the oceans, causing global warming and mass extinctions, then we should build for ourselves virtual worlds and hi-tech sanctuaries that will provide us with all the good things in life even if the planet is as hot, dreary and polluted as hell.”",
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                        "text": "“Such racist theories, prominent and respectable for many decades, have become anathema among scientists and politicians alike. People continue to conduct a heroic struggle against racism without noticing that the battlefront has shifted, and that the place of racism in imperial ideology has now been replaced by ‘culturism’. There is no such word, but it’s about time we coined it. Among today’s elites, assertions about the contrasting merits of diverse human groups are almost always couched in terms of historical differences between cultures rather than biological differences between races. We no longer say, ‘It’s in their blood.’ We say, ‘It’s in their culture.’ Thus European right-wing parties which oppose Muslim immigration usually take care to avoid racial terminology. Marine le Pen’s speechwriters would have been shown the door on the spot had they suggested that the leader of France’s Front National party go on television to declare that, ‘We don’t want those inferior Semites to dilute our Aryan blood and spoil our Aryan civilisation.’ Instead, the French Front National, the Dutch Party for Freedom, the Alliance for the Future of Austria and their like tend to argue that Western culture, as it has evolved in Europe, is characterised by democratic values, tolerance and gender equality, whereas Muslim culture, which evolved in the Middle East, is characterised by hierarchical politics, fanaticism and misogyny. Since the two cultures are so different, and since many Muslim immigrants are unwilling (and perhaps unable) to adopt Western values, they should not be allowed to enter, lest they foment internal conflicts and corrode European democracy and liberalism. Such culturist arguments are fed by scientific studies in the humanities and social sciences that highlight the so-called clash of civilisations and the fundamental differences between different cultures. Not all historians and anthropologists accept these theories or support their political usages. But whereas biologists today have an easy time disavowing racism, simply explaining that the biological differences between present-day human populations are trivial, it is harder for historians and anthropologists to disavow culturism. After all, if the differences between human cultures are trivial, why should we pay historians and anthropologists to study them?”",
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                        "text": "“We often associate science with the values of secularism and tolerance. If so, early modern Europe is the last place you would have expected a scientific revolution. Europe in the days of Columbus, Copernicus and Newton had the highest concentration of religious fanatics in the world, and the lowest level of tolerance. The luminaries of the Scientific Revolution lived in a society that expelled Jews and Muslims, burned heretics wholesale, saw a witch in every cat-loving elderly lady and started a new religious war every full moon. If you had travelled to Cairo or Istanbul around 1600, you would find there a multicultural and tolerant metropolis, where Sunnis, Shiites, Orthodox Christians, Catholics, Armenians, Copts, Jews and even the occasional Hindu lived side by side in relative harmony. Though they had their share of disagreements and riots, and though the Ottoman Empire routinely discriminated against people on religious grounds, it was a liberal paradise compared with Europe. If you had then sailed on to contemporary Paris or London, you would have found cities awash with religious extremism, in which only those belonging to the dominant sect could live. In London they killed Catholics, in Paris they killed Protestants, the Jews had long been driven out, and nobody in his right mind would dream of letting any Muslims in. And yet, the Scientific Revolution began in London and Paris rather than in Cairo and Istanbul.”",
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