---
title: "35 Psychology Quotes By Yuval Noah Harari"
description: "35 Psychology quotes by Yuval Noah Harari. Plus more from Yuval Noah Harari and more Psychology sayings from other authors."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/265/yuval-noah-harari-100_psychology_what-happens-in-the-mind-that-doesn-t-ha_874743.jpg"
---

> [“What happens in the mind that doesn't happen in the brain?”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/what-happens-in-the-mind-that-doesn-t-happen-in-the-brain/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/265/yuval-noah-harari-100_psychology_what-happens-in-the-mind-that-doesn-t-ha_874743.jpg)

> [“This is the basic lesson of evolutionary psychology: a need shaped in the wild continues to be felt subjectively even if it…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/this-is-the-basic-lesson-of-evolutionary-psychology-a-need-shaped-in/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ba7/yuval-noah-harari-100_evolutionary-psychol_this-is-the-basic-lesson-of-evolutionary_1018665.jpg)

> [“When the mind experiences something pleasant, it craves that the pleasure will remain and will intensify. Therefore, the mind is always dissatisfied…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/when-the-mind-experiences-something-pleasant-it-craves-that-the/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ab5/yuval-noah-harari-100_psychology_when-the-mind-experiences-something-plea_1828231.jpg)

> [“Consumerism has worked very hard, with the help of popular psychology (‘Just do it!’) to convince people that indulgence is good for…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/consumerism-has-worked-very-hard-with-the-help-of-popular-psychology/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/170/yuval-noah-harari-100_consumerism_consumerism-has-worked-very-hard-with-th_2401484.jpg)

> [“fact, however, the lesson is just the opposite. The story demonstrates that by humanising animals we usually underestimate animal cognition and ignore…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/fact-however-the-lesson-is-just-the-opposite-the-story-demonstrates/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e5f/yuval-noah-harari-100_animals_fact-however-the-lesson-is-just-the-oppo_1782907.jpg)

> [“We won’t be able to grasp the full implications of novel technologies such as artificial intelligence if we don’t know what minds…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/we-won-t-be-able-to-grasp-the-full-implications-of-novel-technologies/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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> [“Though Toyota or Argentina has neither a body nor a mind, they are subject to international laws, they can own land and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/though-toyota-or-argentina-has-neither-a-body-nor-a-mind-they-are/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/edc/yuval-noah-harari-100_money_though-toyota-or-argentina-has-neither-a_1019393.jpg)

> [“The settlers of Australia, or more accurately, its conquerors, didn’t just adapt, they transformed the Australian ecosystem beyond recognition.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-settlers-of-australia-or-more-accurately-its-conquerors-didn-t/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2fa/yuval-noah-harari-100_australia_the-settlers-of-australia-or-more-accura_2602178.jpg)

> [“Confucius, Buddha, Jesus and Muhammed would have been bewildered if you'd told them that in order to understand the human mind and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/confucius-buddha-jesus-and-muhammed-would-have-been-bewildered-if-you/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a0a/yuval-noah-harari-100_confucius_confucius-buddha-jesus-and-muhammed-woul_2879312.jpg)

> [Our bodies and minds evolved and were adapted for hundreds of thousands of years for tasks like climbing a tree and picking…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/our-bodies-and-minds-evolved-and-were-adapted-for-hundreds-of/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/638/yuval-noah-harari-100_evolution_our-bodies-and-minds-evolved-and-were-ad_2478998.jpg)

> [“Gautama’s insight was that no matter what the mind experiences, it usually reacts with craving, and craving always involves dissatisfaction. When the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/gautama-s-insight-was-that-no-matter-what-the-mind-experiences-it-2/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c85/yuval-noah-harari-100_desire_gautama-s-insight-was-that-no-matter-wha_1675781.jpg)

> [The widespread assumption is that somehow, the brain produces the mind; somehow millions of neurons fire signals at one another create or…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-widespread-assumption-is-that-somehow-the-brain-produces-the-mind/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/6ff/yuval-noah-harari-100_brain_the-widespread-assumption-is-that-someho_721955.jpg)

> [“The mental renovations of the first Cognitive Revolution gave Homo sapiens access to the intersubjective realm and turned them into the rulers…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-mental-renovations-of-the-first-cognitive-revolution-gave-homo/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/479/yuval-noah-harari-100_psychology_the-mental-renovations-of-the-first-cogn_2928752.jpg)

> [“When the mind experiences something distasteful it craves to be rid of the irritation. When the mind experiences something pleasant, it craves…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/when-the-mind-experiences-something-distasteful-it-craves-to-be-rid/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9a9/yuval-noah-harari-100_psychology_when-the-mind-experiences-something-dist_2238640.jpg)

> [“We want the ability to re-engineer our bodies and minds in order, above all, to escape old age, death and misery, but…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/we-want-the-ability-to-re-engineer-our-bodies-and-minds-in-order/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/56f/yuval-noah-harari-100_death_we-want-the-ability-to-re-engineer-our-b_141836.jpg)

> [“Simultaneously, scientists have studied the mental states of people considered to be healthy and normative. However, most relevant researches have been conducted…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/simultaneously-scientists-have-studied-the-mental-states-of-people/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/5d8/yuval-noah-harari-100_human-mind_simultaneously-scientists-have-studied-t_816248.jpg)

> [“In the course catalogue of the psychology department at my own university, the first required course in the curriculum is ‘Introduction to…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/in-the-course-catalogue-of-the-psychology-department-at-my-own/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9f8/yuval-noah-harari-100_human-mind_in-the-course-catalogue-of-the-psycholog_2183639.jpg)

> [“Just as the spectrums of light and sound are far broader than what we humans can see and hear, so the spectrum…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/just-as-the-spectrums-of-light-and-sound-are-far-broader-than-what-we/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/daa/yuval-noah-harari-100_mental-state_just-as-the-spectrums-of-light-and-sound_1300836.jpg)

> [“Gautama’s insight was that no matter what the mind experiences, it usually reacts with craving, and craving always involves dissatisfaction. When the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/gautama-s-insight-was-that-no-matter-what-the-mind-experiences-it/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ae5/yuval-noah-harari-100_desire_gautama-s-insight-was-that-no-matter-wha_781769.jpg)

> [“In the twenty-first century we will create more powerful fictions and more totalitarian religions than in any previous era. With the help…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/in-the-twenty-first-century-we-will-create-more-powerful-fictions-and/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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> [“Gautama’s insight was that no matter what the mind experiences, it usually reacts with craving, and craving always involves dissatisfaction. When the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/gautama-s-insight-was-that-no-matter-what-the-mind-experiences-it-3/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/fd7/yuval-noah-harari-100_desire_gautama-s-insight-was-that-no-matter-wha_1873007.jpg)

> [“In all probability there is an infinite variety of mental states that no Sapiens, bat or dinosaur ever experienced in 4 billion…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/in-all-probability-there-is-an-infinite-variety-of-mental-states-that/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7b7/yuval-noah-harari-100_beyond-the-horizon_in-all-probability-there-is-an-infinite_3199536.jpg)

> [“In the nineteenth century, scientists described brains and minds as if they were steam engines. Why steam engines? Because that was the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/in-the-nineteenth-century-scientists-described-brains-and-minds-as-if/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/300/yuval-noah-harari-100_mind-and-body_in-the-nineteenth-century-scientists-des_1938918.jpg)

> [“Cultural ideas live inside the minds of humans. They multiply and spread from one host to another, occasionally weakening the hosts and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/cultural-ideas-live-inside-the-minds-of-humans-they-multiply-and/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2a9/yuval-noah-harari-100_faith_cultural-ideas-live-inside-the-minds-of_53260.jpg)

> [“Ever more scholars see cultures as a kind of mental infection or parasite, with humans as its unwitting host. Organic parasites, such…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/ever-more-scholars-see-cultures-as-a-kind-of-mental-infection-or/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/bfd/yuval-noah-harari-100_nature-of-man_ever-more-scholars-see-cultures-as-a-kin_23701.jpg)

> [“In the twenty-first century it sounds childish to compare the human psyche to a steam engine. Today we know of a far…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/in-the-twenty-first-century-it-sounds-childish-to-compare-the-human/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/664/yuval-noah-harari-100_bus-driver_in-the-twenty-first-century-it-sounds-ch_52667.jpg)

> [“The most common reaction of the human mind to achievement is not satisfaction, but craving for more. Humans are always on the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-most-common-reaction-of-the-human-mind-to-achievement-is-not/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9fd/yuval-noah-harari-100_human-mind_the-most-common-reaction-of-the-human-mi_2275976.jpg)

> [“In the nineteenth century, scientists described brains and minds as if they were steam engines. Why steam engines? Because that was the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/in-the-nineteenth-century-scientists-described-brains-and-minds-as-if-2/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f97/yuval-noah-harari-100_having-sex_in-the-nineteenth-century-scientists-des_2382625.jpg)

> [“The experiment changed Sally’s life. In the following days she realised she has been through a ‘near-spiritual experience…what defined the experience was…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-experiment-changed-sally-s-life-in-the-following-days-she/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/57b/yuval-noah-harari-100_first-time_the-experiment-changed-sally-s-life-in-t_1387485.jpg)

> [“We want the ability to re-engineer our bodies and minds in order, above all, to escape old age, death and misery, but…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/we-want-the-ability-to-re-engineer-our-bodies-and-minds-in-order-2/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/694/yuval-noah-harari-100_death_we-want-the-ability-to-re-engineer-our-b_1068715.jpg)

> [Buddhism maintains that the common reaction of the human mind to pleasure and to achievement is not satisfaction; it's craving for more.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/buddhism-maintains-that-the-common-reaction-of-the-human-mind-to/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/58b/yuval-noah-harari-100_achievement_buddhism-maintains-that-the-common-react_1859068.jpg)

> [“Humans are rarely satisfied with what they already have. The most common reaction of the human mind to achievement is not satisfaction,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/humans-are-rarely-satisfied-with-what-they-already-have-the-most/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/6c9/yuval-noah-harari-100_human-mind_humans-are-rarely-satisfied-with-what-th_2562588.jpg)

> [“Henceforth, attachment to ‘my house’ and separation from the neighbours became the psychological hallmark of a much more self-centred creature.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/henceforth-attachment-to-my-house-and-separation-from-the-neighbours/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1e0/yuval-noah-harari-100_home_henceforth-attachment-to-my-house-and-se_680648.jpg)

> [“When thousands of cars slowly edge their way through London, we call that a traffic jam, but it doesn’t create some great…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/when-thousands-of-cars-slowly-edge-their-way-through-london-we-call/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/bb9/yuval-noah-harari-100_economic-crisis_when-thousands-of-cars-slowly-edge-their_3048704.jpg)

> [“The ideal elder may suffer from bodily ailments and weaknesses, but his mind is quick and sharp, and he has eighty years…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-ideal-elder-may-suffer-from-bodily-ailments-and-weaknesses-but/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/08b/yuval-noah-harari-100_aging_the-ideal-elder-may-suffer-from-bodily-a_1411141.jpg)

## Other authors on Psychology

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- [ ![](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b001/author-ritu-ghatourey-5.jpg) Ritu Ghatourey 123 quotes ](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/psychology/ritu-ghatourey/)
- [ ![](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b010/author-gautama-buddha-37107.jpg) Gautama Buddha 108 quotes ](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/psychology/gautama-buddha/)

## More by Yuval Noah Harari

> [“For similar reasons, archaic humans did not initiate any revolutions. As far as we can tell, changes in social patterns, the invention of new…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/for-similar-reasons-archaic-humans-did-not-initiate-any-revolutions/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Today the main source of wealth is knowledge. And whereas you can conquer oil fields through war, you cannot acquire knowledge that way.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/today-the-main-source-of-wealth-is-knowledge-and-whereas-you-can/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“How do you cause people to believe in an imagined order such as Christianity, democracy or capitalism? First, you never admit that the order…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/how-do-you-cause-people-to-believe-in-an-imagined-order-such-as/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [I think the basic thing that happened is we have lost our story. Humans think in stories, and we try to make sense of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/i-think-the-basic-thing-that-happened-is-we-have-lost-our-story/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Whereas chimpanzees spend five hours a day chewing raw food, a single hour suffices for people eating cooked food. The advent of cooking enabled…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/whereas-chimpanzees-spend-five-hours-a-day-chewing-raw-food-a-single/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“the Chinese air-purification market is booming.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-chinese-air-purification-market-is-booming/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Whereas liberalism merged with the milder versions of nationalism to protect the unique experiences of each human community, evolutionary humanists such as Hitler identified…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/whereas-liberalism-merged-with-the-milder-versions-of-nationalism-to/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Corporations, money and nations exist only in our imagination. We invented them to serve us; why do we find ourselves sacrificing our lives in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/corporations-money-and-nations-exist-only-in-our-imagination-we/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Small children in affluent societies often dislike showering, and it takes them years of education and parental discipline to adopt this supposedly attractive custom.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/small-children-in-affluent-societies-often-dislike-showering-and-it/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Ever more scholars see cultures as a kind of mental infection or parasite, with humans as its unwitting host. Organic parasites, such as viruses,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/ever-more-scholars-see-cultures-as-a-kind-of-mental-infection-or/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Soviet Communism was a fanatical and missionary religion. A devout Communist could not be a Christian or a Buddhist, and was expected to spread…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/soviet-communism-was-a-fanatical-and-missionary-religion-a-devout/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Whereas religion asks us to believe in something, money asks us to believe that other people believe in something”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/whereas-religion-asks-us-to-believe-in-something-money-asks-us-to/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Terrorists are like a fly that tries to destroy a china shop. The fly is so weak that it cannot budge even a single…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/terrorists-are-like-a-fly-that-tries-to-destroy-a-china-shop-the-fly/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Yet what happens if the greedy shoemaker increases his profits by paying employees less and increasing their work hours? The standard answer is that…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/yet-what-happens-if-the-greedy-shoemaker-increases-his-profits-by/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“A natural order is a stable order. There is no chance that gravity will cease to function tomorrow, even if people stop believing in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/a-natural-order-is-a-stable-order-there-is-no-chance-that-gravity/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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                        "text": "“fact, however, the lesson is just the opposite. The story demonstrates that by humanising animals we usually underestimate animal cognition and ignore the unique abilities of other creatures.”",
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                        "text": "“Confucius, Buddha, Jesus and Muhammed would have been bewildered if you'd told them that in order to understand the human mind and cure its illnesses you must first study statistics.”",
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                        "text": "Our bodies and minds evolved and were adapted for hundreds of thousands of years for tasks like climbing a tree and picking apples, or hunting rabbits, or looking for mushrooms in the forest. They were not adapted to the very gruelling work that is involved in field work - ploughing, harvesting, bringing water, digging weeds - things like that.",
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                        "text": "“Gautama’s insight was that no matter what the mind experiences, it usually reacts with craving, and craving always involves dissatisfaction. When the mind experiences something distasteful it craves to be rid of the irritation. When the mind experiences something pleasant, it craves that the pleasure will remain and will intensify. Therefore, the mind is always dissatisfied and restless.”",
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                        "text": "“We want the ability to re-engineer our bodies and minds in order, above all, to escape old age, death and misery, but once we have it, who knows what else we might do with such ability? So we may well think of the new human agenda as consisting really of only one project (with many branches): attaining divinity.”",
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                        "text": "“Simultaneously, scientists have studied the mental states of people considered to be healthy and normative. However, most relevant researches have been conducted on people from Western, educated, industrialised, rich and democratic (WEIRD) societies, who do not constitute a representative sample of humanity. The study of the human mind has so far assumed that Homo sapiens is Homer Simpson. A”",
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                        "text": "“In the course catalogue of the psychology department at my own university, the first required course in the curriculum is ‘Introduction to Statistics and Methodology in Psychological Research’. Second-year psychology students must take ‘Statistical Methods in Psychological Research’. Confucius, Buddha, Jesus and Muhammad would have been bewildered if you’d told them that in order to understand the human mind and cure its illnesses you must first study statistics.”",
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                        "text": "“Just as the spectrums of light and sound are far broader than what we humans can see and hear, so the spectrum of mental states is far larger than what the average human perceives. We can see light in wavelengths of between 400 and 700 nanometres only. Above this small principality of human vision extend the unseen but vast realms of infrared, microwaves and radio waves, and below it lie the dark dominions of ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. Similarly, the spectrum of possible mental states may be infinite, but science has studied only two tiny sections of it: the sub-normative and the WEIRD. For”",
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                        "text": "“Gautama’s insight was that no matter what the mind experiences, it usually reacts with craving, and craving always involves dissatisfaction. When the mind experiences something distasteful it craves to be rid of the irritation. When the mind experiences something pleasant, it craves that the pleasure will remain and will intensify. Therefore, the mind is always dissatisfied and restless. This is very clear when we experience unpleasant things, such as pain. As long as the pain continues, we are dissatisfied and do all we can to avoid it. Yet even when we experience pleasant things we are never content.”",
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                        "text": "“In the twenty-first century we will create more powerful fictions and more totalitarian religions than in any previous era. With the help of biotechnology and computer algorithms these religions will not only control our minute-by-minute existence, but will be able to shape our bodies, brains and minds, and to create entire virtual worlds complete with hells and heavens. Being able to distinguish fiction from reality and religion from science will therefore become more difficult but more vital than ever before.”",
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                        "text": "“Gautama’s insight was that no matter what the mind experiences, it usually reacts with craving, and craving always involves dissatisfaction. When the mind experiences something distasteful it craves to be rid of the irritation. When the mind experiences something pleasant, it craves that the pleasure will remain and will intensify. Therefore, the mind is always dissatisfied and restless. This is very clear when we experience unpleasant things, such as pain. As long as the pain continues, we are dissatisfied and do all we can to avoid it. Yet even when we experience pleasant things we are never content. We either fear that the pleasure might disappear, or we hope that it will intensify.”",
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                        "text": "“In all probability there is an infinite variety of mental states that no Sapiens, bat or dinosaur ever experienced in 4 billion years of terrestrial evolution, because they did not have the necessary faculties. In the future, however, powerful drugs, genetic engineering, electronic helmets and direct brain–computer interfaces may open passages to these places. Just as Columbus and Magellan sailed beyond the horizon to explore new islands and unknown continents, so we may one day embark for the antipodes of the mind.”",
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                        "text": "“In the nineteenth century, scientists described brains and minds as if they were steam engines. Why steam engines? Because that was the leading technology of the day, which powered trains, ships and factories, so when humans tried to explain life, they assumed it must work according to analogous principles. Mind and body are made of pipes, cylinders, valves and pistons that build and release pressure, thereby producing movements and actions. Such thinking had a deep influence even on Freudian psychology, which is why much of our psychological jargon is still replete with concepts borrowed from mechanical engineering.”",
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                        "text": "“Cultural ideas live inside the minds of humans. They multiply and spread from one host to another, occasionally weakening the hosts and sometimes even killing them. A cultural idea – such as belief in Christian heaven above the clouds of Communist paradise here on earth – can compel a human to dedicate his or her life to spreading that idea, even at the price of death. The human dies, but the idea spreads. According to this approach, cultures are not conspiracies concocted by some people in order to take advantages of others (as Marxists tend to think). Rather, cultures are mental parasites that emerge accidentally, and thereafter take advantage of all people infected by them.”",
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                        "text": "“Ever more scholars see cultures as a kind of mental infection or parasite, with humans as its unwitting host. Organic parasites, such as viruses, live inside the body of their hosts. They multiply and spread from one host to the other, feeding off their hosts, weakening them, and sometimes even killing them. As long as the hosts live long enough to pass along the parasite, it cares little about the condition of its host. In just this fashion, cultural ideas live inside the minds of humans. They”",
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                        "text": "“In the twenty-first century it sounds childish to compare the human psyche to a steam engine. Today we know of a far more sophisticated technology – the computer – so we explain the human psyche as if it were a computer processing data rather than a steam engine regulating pressure. But this new analogy may turn out to be just as naïve. After all, computers have no minds. They don’t crave anything even when they have a bug, and the Internet doesn’t feel pain even when authoritarian regimes sever entire countries from the Web. So why use computers as a model for understanding the mind? Well, are we really sure that computers have no sensations or desires? And even if they haven’t got any at present, perhaps once they become complex enough they might develop consciousness? If that were to happen, how could we ascertain it? When computers replace our bus driver, our teacher and our shrink, how could we determine whether they have feelings or whether they are just a collection of mindless algorithms? When”",
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                        "text": "“The most common reaction of the human mind to achievement is not satisfaction, but craving for more. Humans are always on the lookout for something better, bigger, tastier. When humankind possesses enormous new powers, and when the threat of famine, plague and war is finally lifted, what will we do with ourselves? What will the scientists, investors, bankers and presidents do all day? Write poetry? Success breeds ambition, and our recent achievements are now pushing humankind to set itself even more daring goals. Having secured unprecedented levels of prosperity, health and harmony, and given our past record and our current values, humanity’s next targets are likely to be immortality, happiness and divinity. Having reduced mortality from starvation, disease and violence, we will now aim to overcome old age and even death itself. Having saved people from abject misery, we will now aim to make them positively happy. And having raised humanity above the beastly level of survival struggles, we will now aim to upgrade humans into gods, and turn Homo sapiens into Homo deus.”",
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                        "text": "“In the nineteenth century, scientists described brains and minds as if they were steam engines. Why steam engines? Because that was the leading technology of the day, which powered trains, ships and factories, so when humans tried to explain life, they assumed it must work according to analogous principles. Mind and body are made of pipes, cylinders, valves and pistons that build and release pressure, thereby producing movements and actions. Such thinking had a deep influence even on Freudian psychology, which is why much of our psychological jargon is still replete with concepts borrowed from mechanical engineering. Consider, for example, the following Freudian argument: ‘Armies harness the sex drive to fuel military aggression. The army recruits young men just when their sexual drive is at its peak. The army limits the soldiers’ opportunities of actually having sex and releasing all that pressure, which consequently accumulates inside them. The army then redirects this pent-up pressure and allows it to be released in the form of military aggression.’ This is exactly how a steam engine works.”",
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                        "text": "“The experiment changed Sally’s life. In the following days she realised she has been through a ‘near-spiritual experience…what defined the experience was not feeling smarter or learning faster: the thing that made the earth drop out from under my feet was that for the first time in my life, everything in my head finally shut up…My brain without self-doubt was a revelation. There was suddenly this incredible silence in my head…I hope you can sympathise with me when I tell you that the thing I wanted most acutely for the weeks following my experience was to go back and strap on those electrodes. I also started to have a lot of questions. Who was I apart from the angry bitter gnomes that populate my mind and drive me to failure because I’m too scared to try? And where did those voices come from?’7 Some of those voices repeat society’s prejudices, some echo our personal history, and some articulate our genetic legacy. All of them together, says Sally, create an invisible story that shapes our conscious decisions in ways we seldom grasp. What would happen if we could rewrite our inner monologues, or even silence them completely on occasion? 8”",
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                        "text": "“We want the ability to re-engineer our bodies and minds in order, above all, to escape old age, death and misery, but once we have it, who knows what else we might do with such ability? So we may well think of the new human agenda as consisting really of only one project (with many branches): attaining divinity. If this sounds unscientific or downright eccentric, it is because people often misunderstand the meaning of divinity. Divinity isn’t a vague metaphysical quality. And it isn’t the same as omnipotence. When speaking of upgrading humans into gods, think more in terms of Greek gods or Hindu devas rather than the omnipotent biblical sky father. Our descendants would still have their foibles, kinks and limitations, just as Zeus and Indra had theirs. But they could love, hate, create and destroy on a much grander scale than us. Throughout history most gods were believed to enjoy not omnipotence but rather specific super-abilities such as the ability to design and create living beings; to transform their own bodies; to control the environment and the weather; to read minds and to communicate at a distance; to travel at very high speeds; and of course to escape death and live indefinitely. Humans are in the business of acquiring all these abilities, and then some.”",
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                        "text": "Buddhism maintains that the common reaction of the human mind to pleasure and to achievement is not satisfaction; it's craving for more.",
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                        "text": "“Humans are rarely satisfied with what they already have. The most common reaction of the human mind to achievement is not satisfaction, but craving for more. Humans are always on the lookout for something better, bigger, tastier.”",
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                        "text": "“Henceforth, attachment to ‘my house’ and separation from the neighbours became the psychological hallmark of a much more self-centred creature.”",
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                        "text": "“When thousands of cars slowly edge their way through London, we call that a traffic jam, but it doesn’t create some great Londonian consciousness that hovers high above Piccadilly and says to itself, ‘Blimey, I feel jammed!’ When millions of people sell billions of shares, we call that an economic crisis, but no great Wall Street spirit grumbles, ‘Shit, I feel I am in crisis.’ When trillions of water molecules coalesce in the sky we call that a cloud, but no cloud consciousness emerges to announce, ‘I feel rainy.’ How is it, then, that when billions of electric signals move around in my brain, a mind emerges that feels ‘I am furious!’? As of 2016, we have absolutely no idea. Hence if this discussion”",
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                        "text": "“The ideal elder may suffer from bodily ailments and weaknesses, but his mind is quick and sharp, and he has eighty years of insights to dispense. He knows exactly what’s what, and always has astute advice for the grandchildren and other visitors. Twenty-first-century octogenarians don’t always conform to that image. Thanks to our growing understanding of human biology, medicine can keep us alive long enough for our minds and ‘authentic selves’ to disintegrate and dissolve. All too often, what’s left is a collection of dysfunctional biological systems kept going by a collection of monitors, computers and pumps.”",
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