---
title: "88 Philosophy Quotes By William James"
description: "William James' quotes explore philosophy's reach from tiny details to big visions, the spread of ideas, and personal meaning."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d92/william-james-228_be-good_to-know-psychology-therefore-is-absolute_2209423.png"
---

> [To know psychology, therefore, is absolutely no guarantee that we shall be good teacher.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/to-know-psychology-therefore-is-absolutely-no-guarantee-that-we-shall/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d92/william-james-228_be-good_to-know-psychology-therefore-is-absolute_2209423.png)

> [In all primary school work the principle of multiple impressions is well recognized.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/in-all-primary-school-work-the-principle-of-multiple-impressions-is/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/bce/william-james-228_education_in-all-primary-school-work-the-principle_2846390.png)

> [“the exclusive worship of the bitch-goddess sucess is our national disease”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/the-exclusive-worship-of-the-bitch-goddess-sucess-is-our-national/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ecf/william-james-228_bitch_the-exclusive-worship-of-the-bitch-godde_2744752.png)

> [Habit is a second nature, or rather, it is 'ten times nature'.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/habit-is-a-second-nature-or-rather-it-is-ten-times-nature/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f52/william-james-228_educational_habit-is-a-second-nature-or-rather-it-is_638681.png)

> [Philosophy is at once the most sublime and the most trivial of human pursuits.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/philosophy-is-at-once-the-most-sublime-and-the-most-trivial-of-human-2/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2ea/william-james-228_humans_philosophy-is-at-once-the-most-sublime-a_2532139.png)

> [A man with no philosophy in him is the most inauspicious and unprofitable of all possible social mates.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/a-man-with-no-philosophy-in-him-is-the-most-inauspicious-and/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c69/william-james-228_greatness_a-man-with-no-philosophy-in-him-is-the-m_842009.png)

> [Philosophy is "an unusually stubborn attempt to think clearly.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/philosophy-is-an-unusually-stubborn-attempt-to-think-clearly/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/606/william-james-228_philosophy_philosophy-is-an-unusually-stubborn-atte_2266425.png)

> [Pretend what we may, the whole man within us is at work when we form our philosophical opinions.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/pretend-what-we-may-the-whole-man-within-us-is-at-work-when-we-form-2/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/000/william-james-228_form_pretend-what-we-may-the-whole-man-within_1729486.png)

> [There can be no final truth in ethics any more than in physics, until the last man has had his experience and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/there-can-be-no-final-truth-in-ethics-any-more-than-in-physics-until/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/090/william-james-228_ethics_there-can-be-no-final-truth-in-ethics-an_1756976.png)

> [Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock of ideas is which we have; and, second, on the habitual coupling…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/our-volitional-habits-depend-then-first-on-what-the-stock-of-ideas-is/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9e0/william-james-228_action_our-volitional-habits-depend-then-first_2746618.png)

> [No reception without reaction, no impression without correlative expression, -this is the great maxim which the teacher ought never to forget.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/no-reception-without-reaction-no-impression-without-correlative/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2c5/william-james-228_education_no-reception-without-reaction-no-impress_132345.png)

> [There is only one thing a philosopher can be relied upon to do, and that is to contradict other philosophers.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/there-is-only-one-thing-a-philosopher-can-be-relied-upon-to-do-and/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/21c/william-james-228_philosopher_there-is-only-one-thing-a-philosopher-ca_2379501.png)

> [I am only a philosopher, and there is only one thing that a philosopher can be relied on to do, and that…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/i-am-only-a-philosopher-and-there-is-only-one-thing-that-a/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/4b9/william-james-228_one-thing_i-am-only-a-philosopher-and-there-is-onl_2841524.png)

> [What every genuine philosopher (every genuine man, in fact) craves most is praise although the philosophers generally call it recognition!](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/what-every-genuine-philosopher-every-genuine-man-in-fact-craves-most/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/070/william-james-228_genuine_what-every-genuine-philosopher-every-gen_2901705.png)

> [The general law is that no mental modification ever occurs which is not accompanied or followed by a bodily change.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/the-general-law-is-that-no-mental-modification-ever-occurs-which-is/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f13/william-james-228_body_the-general-law-is-that-no-mental-modifi_1784845.png)

> [Volition . . . takes place only when there are a number of conflicting systems of ideas, and depends on our having…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/volition-takes-place-only-when-there-are-a-number-of-conflicting/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ee4/william-james-228_complexes_volition-takes-place-only-when-there-are_2739293.png)

> [O my Bergson, you are a magician, and your book is a marvel, a real wonder in the history of philosophy .…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/o-my-bergson-you-are-a-magician-and-your-book-is-a-marvel-a-real/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3c8/william-james-228_book_o-my-bergson-you-are-a-magician-and-your_2986269.jpg)

> [“Philosophy, beginning in wonder, as Plato and Aristotle said, is able to fancy everything different from what it is. It sees the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/philosophy-beginning-in-wonder-as-plato-and-aristotle-said-is-able-to/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2e9/william-james-228_able_philosophy-beginning-in-wonder-as-plato_795493.jpg)

> [Any object not interesting in itself may become interesting through becoming associated with an object in which an interest already exists. The…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/any-object-not-interesting-in-itself-may-become-interesting-through/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d1e/william-james-228_becoming_any-object-not-interesting-in-itself-may_1643938.png)

> [Philosophy lives in words, but truth and fact well up into our lives in ways that exceed verbal formulation. There is in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/philosophy-lives-in-words-but-truth-and-fact-well-up-into-our-lives/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/262/william-james-228_caught_philosophy-lives-in-words-but-truth-and_709387.jpg)

> [“Metaphysics means nothing but an unusually obstinate effort to think clearly. The fundamental conceptions of psychology are practically very clear to us,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/metaphysics-means-nothing-but-an-unusually-obstinate-effort-to-think/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/101/william-james-228_metaphysics_metaphysics-means-nothing-but-an-unusual_823653.jpg)

> [Be patient and sympathetic with the type of mind that cuts a poor figure in examinations. It may, in the long examination…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/be-patient-and-sympathetic-with-the-type-of-mind-that-cuts-a-poor/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f98/william-james-228_be-patient_be-patient-and-sympathetic-with-the-type_1301139.png)

> [You perceive now, my friends, what your general or abstract duty is as teachers. Although you have to generate in your pupils…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/you-perceive-now-my-friends-what-your-general-or-abstract-duty-is-as/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/57c/william-james-228_abstract_you-perceive-now-my-friends-what-your-ge_2611324.jpg)

> [Feed the growing human being, feed him with the sort of experience for which from year to year he shows a natural…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/feed-the-growing-human-being-feed-him-with-the-sort-of-experience-for/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/46a/william-james-228_adult-life_feed-the-growing-human-being-feed-him-wi_3129381.jpg)

> [If the topic be highly abstract, show its nature by concrete examples; if it be unfamiliar, make it figure as part of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/if-the-topic-be-highly-abstract-show-its-nature-by-concrete-examples/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d0c/william-james-228_abstract_if-the-topic-be-highly-abstract-show-its_452148.jpg)

> [“The most violent revolutions in an individual's beliefs leave most of his old order standing. Time and space, cause and effect, nature…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/the-most-violent-revolutions-in-an-individual-s-beliefs-leave-most-of/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/afa/william-james-228_cause-and-effect_the-most-violent-revolutions-in-an-indiv_3060915.jpg)

> [“It is as if a man should hesitate indefinitely to ask a certain woman to marry him because he was not perfectly…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/it-is-as-if-a-man-should-hesitate-indefinitely-to-ask-a-certain-woman/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/5ea/william-james-228_doubt_it-is-as-if-a-man-should-hesitate-indefi_1969033.png)

> [“There is, it must be confessed, a curious fascination in hearing deep things talked about, even tho neither we nor the disputants…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/there-is-it-must-be-confessed-a-curious-fascination-in-hearing-deep/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/bfc/william-james-228_adventure_there-is-it-must-be-confessed-a-curious_1392942.jpg)

> [The gist of the matter is this: Every impression that comes in from without, be it a sentence which we hear, an…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/the-gist-of-the-matter-is-this-every-impression-that-comes-in-from/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e38/william-james-228_association_the-gist-of-the-matter-is-this-every-imp_1937156.jpg)

> [“Common-Law judges sometimes talk about the law, and schoolmasters talk about the latin tongue, in a way to make their hearers think…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/common-law-judges-sometimes-talk-about-the-law-and-schoolmasters-talk/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3d4/william-james-228_latin_common-law-judges-sometimes-talk-about-t_611345.jpg)

> [If, then, you wish to insure the interest of your pupils, there is only one way to do it; and that is…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/if-then-you-wish-to-insure-the-interest-of-your-pupils-there-is-only/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/87b/william-james-228_books_if-then-you-wish-to-insure-the-interest_1329435.png)

> [Religion, therefore, as I now ask you arbitrarily to take it, shall mean for us the feelings, acts, and experiences of individual…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/religion-therefore-as-i-now-ask-you-arbitrarily-to-take-it-shall-mean/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/982/william-james-228_asks_religion-therefore-as-i-now-ask-you-arbi_1167256.jpg)

> [“Our minds thus grow in spots; and like grease-spots, the spots spread. But we let them spread as little as possible: we…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/our-minds-thus-grow-in-spots-and-like-grease-spots-the-spots-spread/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/597/william-james-228_faith_our-minds-thus-grow-in-spots-and-like-gr_17019.jpg)

> [“See the exquisite contrast of the types of mind! The pragmatist clings to facts and concreteness, observes truth at its work in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/see-the-exquisite-contrast-of-the-types-of-mind-the-pragmatist-clings/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d60/william-james-228_idealism_see-the-exquisite-contrast-of-the-types_2887806.png)

> [“This sadness lies at the heart of every merely positivistic, agnostic, or naturalistic scheme of philosophy. Let sanguine healthy-mindedness do its best…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/this-sadness-lies-at-the-heart-of-every-merely-positivistic-agnostic/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c01/william-james-228_death_this-sadness-lies-at-the-heart-of-every_2637306.png)

> [Metaphysics means nothing but an unusually obstinate effort to think clearly.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/metaphysics-means-nothing-but-an-unusually-obstinate-effort-to-think-2/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f23/william-james-228_effort_metaphysics-means-nothing-but-an-unusual_1654110.png)

> [Most men have a good memory for facts connected with their own pursuits.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/most-men-have-a-good-memory-for-facts-connected-with-their-own/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/be0/william-james-228_connected_most-men-have-a-good-memory-for-facts-co_2462661.png)

> [Habit is second nature, or rather . . . ten times nature.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/habit-is-second-nature-or-rather-ten-times-nature/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/38b/william-james-228_educational_habit-is-second-nature-or-rather-ten-tim_2146298.png)

> [To be a real philosopher all that is necessary is to hate some one else's type of thinking.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/to-be-a-real-philosopher-all-that-is-necessary-is-to-hate-some-one/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7e0/william-james-228_hate_to-be-a-real-philosopher-all-that-is-nec_1817749.png)

> [To some of us the thought of God is like a sort of quiet music playing in the background of the mind.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/to-some-of-us-the-thought-of-god-is-like-a-sort-of-quiet-music/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/145/william-james-228_backgrounds_to-some-of-us-the-thought-of-god-is-like_3033114.png)

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## More by William James

> [Effort is the one strictly undervalued and original contribution we make to this world.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/effort-is-the-one-strictly-undervalued-and-original-contribution-we/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

> [We are all potentially such sick men. The sanest and best of us are of one clay with lunatics and prison-inmates. And whenever we…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/we-are-all-potentially-such-sick-men-the-sanest-and-best-of-us-are-of/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

> [In the dim background of our mind we know meanwhile what we ought to be doing: getting up, dressing ourselves, answering the person who…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/in-the-dim-background-of-our-mind-we-know-meanwhile-what-we-ought-to/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

> [“Our minds thus grow in spots; and like grease-spots, the spots spread. But we let them spread as little as possible: we keep unaltered…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/our-minds-thus-grow-in-spots-and-like-grease-spots-the-spots-spread/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

> [Circumstance does not make me, it reveals me.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/circumstance-does-not-make-me-it-reveals-me/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

> ['Facts' are the bounds of human knowledge, set for it, not by it.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/facts-are-the-bounds-of-human-knowledge-set-for-it-not-by-it/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

> [Woe to him whose beliefs play fast and loose with the order which realities follow in his experience; they will lead him nowhere or…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/woe-to-him-whose-beliefs-play-fast-and-loose-with-the-order-which/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

> [We never fully grasp the import of any true statement until we have a clear notion of what the opposite untrue statement would be.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/we-never-fully-grasp-the-import-of-any-true-statement-until-we-have-a/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

> [It is your friends who make your world.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/it-is-your-friends-who-make-your-world/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

> [Human beings can alter their lives by altering their attitudes of mind.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/human-beings-can-alter-their-lives-by-altering-their-attitudes-of-mind/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

> [Most people, probably, are in doubt about certain matters ascribed to their past. They may have seen them, may have said them, done them,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/most-people-probably-are-in-doubt-about-certain-matters-ascribed-to/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

> [“How soon, indeed, are human things forgotten! As we meet here this morning, the Southern sun is shining on their place of burial, and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/how-soon-indeed-are-human-things-forgotten-as-we-meet-here-this/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

> [There can be no difference anywhere that does not make a difference somewhere.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/there-can-be-no-difference-anywhere-that-does-not-make-a-difference/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

> [It is wrong always, everywhere, and for everyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/it-is-wrong-always-everywhere-and-for-everyone-to-believe-anything/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

> [The pragmatist turns away from abstraction and insufficiency, from verbal solutions, from bad a priori reasons, from fixed principles, closed systems, and pretended absolutes…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/william-james/the-pragmatist-turns-away-from-abstraction-and-insufficiency-from/)

[William James](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/william-james/)

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                        "text": "Volition . . . takes place only when there are a number of conflicting systems of ideas, and depends on our having a complex field of consciousness.",
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                        "text": "O my Bergson, you are a magician, and your book is a marvel, a real wonder in the history of philosophy . . . In finishing it I found . . . such a flavor of persistent euphony, as of a rich river that never foamed or ran thin, but steadily and firmly proceeded with its banks full to the brim.",
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                        "text": "“Philosophy, beginning in wonder, as Plato and Aristotle said, is able to fancy everything different from what it is. It sees the familiar as if it were strange, and the strange as if it were familiar. It can take things up and lay them down again. It rouses us from our native dogmatic slumber and breaks up our caked prejudices.”",
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                        "text": "Any object not interesting in itself may become interesting through becoming associated with an object in which an interest already exists. The two associated objects grow, as it were, together; the interesting portion sheds its quality over the whole; and thus things not interesting in their own right borrow an interest which becomes as real and as strong as that of any natively interesting thing.",
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                        "text": "“Metaphysics means nothing but an unusually obstinate effort to think clearly. The fundamental conceptions of psychology are practically very clear to us, but theoretically they are very confused, and one easily makes the obscurest assumptions in this science without realizing, until challenged, what internal difficulties they involve.”",
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                        "text": "Be patient and sympathetic with the type of mind that cuts a poor figure in examinations. It may, in the long examination which life sets us, come out in the end in better shape than the glib and ready reproducer, its passions being deeper, its purposes more worthy, its combining power less commonplace, and its total mental output consequently more important.",
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                        "text": "You perceive now, my friends, what your general or abstract duty is as teachers. Although you have to generate in your pupils a large stock of ideas, any one of which may be inhibitory, yet you must also see to it that no habitual hesitancy or paralysis of the will ensues, and that the pupil still retains his power of vigorous action.",
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                        "text": "Feed the growing human being, feed him with the sort of experience for which from year to year he shows a natural craving, and he will develop in adult life a sounder sort of mental tissue, even though he may seem to be 'wasting' a great deal of his growing time, in the eyes of those for whom the only channels of learning are books and verbally communicated information.",
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                        "text": "If the topic be highly abstract, show its nature by concrete examples; if it be unfamiliar, make it figure as part of a story; if it be difficult, couple its acquisition with some prospect of personal gain. Above all things, make sure that it shall run through certain inner changes, since no unvarying object can possibly hold the mental field for long. Let your pupil wander from one aspect to another of your subject, if you do not wish him to wander from it altogether to something else, variety in unity being the secret of all interesting talk and thought.",
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                        "text": "“The most violent revolutions in an individual's beliefs leave most of his old order standing. Time and space, cause and effect, nature and history, and one's own biography remain untouched. New truth is always a go-between, a smoother-over of transitions. It marries old opinion to new fact so as ever to show a minimum of jolt, a maximum of continuity. We hold a theory true just in proportion to its success in solving this 'problem of maxima and minima.' But success in solving this problem is eminently a matter of approximation. We say this theory solves it on the whole more satisfactorily than that theory; but that means more satisfactorily to ourselves, and individuals will emphasize their points of satisfaction differently.”",
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                        "text": "“It is as if a man should hesitate indefinitely to ask a certain woman to marry him because he was not perfectly sure that she would prove an angel after he brought her home. Would he not cut himself off from that particular angel-possibility as decisively as if he went and married some one else? Scepticism, then, is not avoidance of option; it is option of a certain particular kind of risk. Better risk loss of truth than chance of error,-that is your faith-vetoer's exact position. He is actively playing his stake as much as the believer is; he is backing the field against the religious hypothesis, just as the believer is backing the religious hypothesis against the field.”",
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                        "text": "“There is, it must be confessed, a curious fascination in hearing deep things talked about, even tho neither we nor the disputants understand them. We get the problematic thrill, we feel the presence of the vastness. Let a controversy begin in a smoking-room anywhere, about free-will or God's omniscience, or good and evil, and see how everyone in the place pricks up his ears. Philosophy's results concern us all most vitally, and philosophy's queerest arguments tickle agreeably our sense of subtlety and ingenuity.”",
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                        "text": "The gist of the matter is this: Every impression that comes in from without, be it a sentence which we hear, an object of vision, or an effluvium which assails our nose, no sooner enters our consciousness than it is drafted off in some determinate direction or other, making connection with the other materials already there, and finally producing what we call our reaction. The particular connections it strikes into are determined by our past experiences and the 'associations' of the present sort of impression with them.",
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                        "text": "“Common-Law judges sometimes talk about the law, and schoolmasters talk about the latin tongue, in a way to make their hearers think they mean entities pre-existent to the decisions or the words and syntax, determining them unequivocally and requiring them to obey. But the slightest exercise of reflection makes us see that, instead of being principles of this kind, both law and latin are results. [...] Truth grafts itself on previous truth, modifying it in the process, just as idiom grafts itself on previous idiom, and law on previous law.”",
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                        "text": "If, then, you wish to insure the interest of your pupils, there is only one way to do it; and that is to make certain that they have something in their minds to attend with, when you begin to talk. That something can consist in nothing but a previous lot of ideas already interesting in themselves, and of such a nature that the incoming novel objects which you present can dovetail into them and form with them some kind of a logically associated or systematic whole.",
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                        "text": "Religion, therefore, as I now ask you arbitrarily to take it, shall mean for us the feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine. Since the relation may be either moral, physical, or ritual, it is evident that out of religion in the sense in which we take it, theologies, philosophies, and ecclesiastical organizations may secondarily grow.",
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                        "text": "“Our minds thus grow in spots; and like grease-spots, the spots spread. But we let them spread as little as possible: we keep unaltered as much of our old knowledge, as many of our old prejudices and belief, as we can. We patch and tinker more than we renew. The novelty soaks in; it stains the ancient mass; but it is also tinged by what absorbs it. Our past apperceives and co-operates; and in the new equilibrium in which each step forward in the process of learning terminates, it happens relatively seldom that the new fact is added raw. More usually it is embedded cooked, as one might say, or stewed down in the sauce of the old. New truths thus are resultants of new experiences and of old truths combined and mutually modifying one another. And since this is the case in the changes opinion of to-day, there is no reason to assume that it has not been so at all times. It follows that very ancient modes of thought may have survived through all the later changes in men's opinions. The most primitive ways of thinking may not yet be wholly expunged. Like our five fingers, our ear-bones, our rudimentary caudal appendage, or our other 'vestigial' peculiarities, they may remain as indelible tokens of events in our race-history. Our ancestors may at certain moments have struck into ways of thinking which they might conceivably not have found. But once they did so, and after the fact, the inheritance continues. When you begin a piece of music in a certain key, you must keep the key to the end. You may alter your house ad libitum, but the ground-plan of the first architect persists - you can make great changes, but you cannot change a Gothic church into a Doric temple. You may rinse and rinse the bottle, but you can't get the taste of the medicine or whiskey that first filled it wholly out. My thesis now is this, that our fundamental ways of thinking about things are discoveries of exceedingly remote ancestors, which have been able to preserve themselves throughout the experience of all subsequent time. They form one great stage of equilibrium in the human mind's development, the stage of common sense. Other stages have grafted themselves upon this stage, but have never succeeded in displacing it.”",
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                        "text": "“See the exquisite contrast of the types of mind! The pragmatist clings to facts and concreteness, observes truth at its work in particular cases, and generalises. Truth, for him, becomes a class-name for all sorts of definite working-values in experience. For the rationalist it remains a pure abstraction, to the bare name of which we must defer. When the pragmatist undertakes to show in detail just why we must defer, the rationalist is unable to recognise the concretes from which his own abstraction is taken. He accuses us of denying truth; whereas we have only sought to trace exactly why people follow it and always ought to follow it. Your typical ultra-abstractions fairly shudders at concreteness: other things equal, he positively prefers the pale and spectral. If the two universes were offered, he would always choose the skinny outline rather than the rich thicket of reality. It is so much purer, clearer, nobler.”",
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                        "text": "“This sadness lies at the heart of every merely positivistic, agnostic, or naturalistic scheme of philosophy. Let sanguine healthy-mindedness do its best with its strange power of living in the moment and ignoring and forgetting, still the evil background is really there to be thought of, and the skull will grin in at the banquet. In the practical life of the individual, we know how his whole gloom or glee about any present fact depends on the remoter schemes and hopes with which it stands related. Its significance and framing give it the chief part of its value. Let it be known to lead nowhere, and however agreeable it may be in its immediacy, its glow and gilding vanish. The old man, sick with an insidious internal disease, may laugh and quaff his wine at first as well as ever, but he knows his fate now, for the doctors have revealed it; and the knowledge knocks the satisfaction out of all these functions. They are partners of death and the worm is their brother, and they turn to a mere flatness.”",
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