---
title: "26 Biology Quotes By Yuval Noah Harari"
description: "26 Biology quotes by Yuval Noah Harari. Plus more from Yuval Noah Harari and more Biology sayings from other authors."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d6f/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_that-s-why-the-theory-of-evolution-canno_3185857.jpg"
---

> [“That’s why the theory of evolution cannot accept the idea of souls,”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/that-s-why-the-theory-of-evolution-cannot-accept-the-idea-of-souls/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d6f/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_that-s-why-the-theory-of-evolution-canno_3185857.jpg)

> [“Don’t believe tree-huggers who claim that our ancestors lived in harmony with nature. Long before the Industrial Revolution, Homo sapiens held the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/don-t-believe-tree-huggers-who-claim-that-our-ancestors-lived-in/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1b3/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_don-t-believe-tree-huggers-who-claim-tha_987293.jpg)

> [“The third way to change the laws of life is to engineer completely inorganic beings. The most obvious examples are computer programs…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-third-way-to-change-the-laws-of-life-is-to-engineer-completely/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/84d/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_the-third-way-to-change-the-laws-of-life_2305855.jpg)

> [“If organisms indeed lack free will, it implies that we can manipulate and even control their desires using drugs, genetic engineering or…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/if-organisms-indeed-lack-free-will-it-implies-that-we-can-manipulate/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c6f/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_if-organisms-indeed-lack-free-will-it-im_1349831.jpg)

> [“You may not agree with the idea that organisms are algorithms, and that giraffes, tomatoes and human beings are just different methods…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/you-may-not-agree-with-the-idea-that-organisms-are-algorithms-and/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/879/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_you-may-not-agree-with-the-idea-that-org_3161189.jpg)

> [“In the 150 years since Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, the life sciences have come to see organisms as…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/in-the-150-years-since-charles-darwin-published-on-the-origin-of/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e90/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_in-the-150-years-since-charles-darwin-pu_2660455.jpg)

> [“A good rule of thumb is ‘Biology enables, culture forbids.’ Biology is willing to tolerate a very wide spectrum of possibilities. It’s…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/a-good-rule-of-thumb-is-biology-enables-culture-forbids-biology-is/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ad6/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_a-good-rule-of-thumb-is-biology-enables_1482895.jpg)

> [“The sea barrier prevented not just humans but also many other Afro-Asian animals and plants from reaching this ‘Outer World’. As a…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-sea-barrier-prevented-not-just-humans-but-also-many-other-afro/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7e0/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_the-sea-barrier-prevented-not-just-human_2725824.jpg)

> [“From an evolutionary perspective, the closest thing we have to a human essence is our DNA, and the DNA molecule is the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/from-an-evolutionary-perspective-the-closest-thing-we-have-to-a-human/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/87d/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_from-an-evolutionary-perspective-the-clo_1719458.jpg)

> [“1. Are organisms really just algorithms, and is life really just data processing? 2. What’s more valuable – intelligence or consciousness? 3.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/1-are-organisms-really-just-algorithms-and-is-life-really-just-data/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/591/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_1-are-organisms-really-just-algorithms-a_1783854.jpg)

> [“How can we distinguish what is biologically determined from what people merely try to justify through biological myths? A good rule of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/how-can-we-distinguish-what-is-biologically-determined-from-what-2/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a85/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_how-can-we-distinguish-what-is-biologica_3095182.jpg)

> [“It is the life sciences that concluded that organisms are algorithms. If this is not the case – if organisms function in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/it-is-the-life-sciences-that-concluded-that-organisms-are-algorithms/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/940/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_it-is-the-life-sciences-that-concluded-t_1734124.jpg)

> [“The romantic contrast between modern industry that “destroys nature” and our ancestors who “lived in harmony with nature” is groundless. Long before…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-romantic-contrast-between-modern-industry-that-destroys-nature/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a49/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_the-romantic-contrast-between-modern-ind_644259.jpg)

> [“Yet once biologists concluded that organisms are algorithms, they dismantled the wall between the organic and the inorganic, turned the computer revolution…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/yet-once-biologists-concluded-that-organisms-are-algorithms-they/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/30d/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_yet-once-biologists-concluded-that-organ_2573023.jpg)

> [“Thanks to our growing understanding of human biology, medicine can keep us alive long enough for our minds and ‘authentic selves’ to…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/thanks-to-our-growing-understanding-of-human-biology-medicine-can/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/bf6/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_thanks-to-our-growing-understanding-of-h_2277256.jpg)

> [“A good rule of thumb is ‘Biology enables, culture forbids.’ Biology is willing to tolerate a very wide spectrum of possibilities. It’s…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/a-good-rule-of-thumb-is-biology-enables-culture-forbids-biology-is-2/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/68d/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_a-good-rule-of-thumb-is-biology-enables_1580743.jpg)

> [“1.​Science is converging on an all-encompassing dogma, which says that organisms are algorithms and life is data processing. 2.​Intelligence is decoupling from…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/1-science-is-converging-on-an-all-encompassing-dogma-which-says-that/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/650/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_1-science-is-converging-on-an-all-encomp_902499.jpg)

> [“culture that obliges people to realise some possibilities while forbidding others. Biology enables women to have children – some cultures oblige women…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/culture-that-obliges-people-to-realise-some-possibilities-while/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/16b/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_culture-that-obliges-people-to-realise-s_2526322.jpg)

> [“To understand the rise of Christianity or the French Revolution, it is not enough to comprehend the interaction of genes, hormones and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/to-understand-the-rise-of-christianity-or-the-french-revolution-it-is/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b49/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_to-understand-the-rise-of-christianity-o_562469.jpg)

> [“How can we distinguish what is biologically determined from what people merely try to justify through biological myths? A good rule of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/how-can-we-distinguish-what-is-biologically-determined-from-what/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a08/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_how-can-we-distinguish-what-is-biologica_333484.jpg)

> [“The First Wave Extinction, which accompanied the spread of the foragers, was followed by the Second Wave Extinction, which accompanied the spread…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-first-wave-extinction-which-accompanied-the-spread-of-the/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/70f/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_the-first-wave-extinction-which-accompan_1351353.jpg)

> [“About 13.5 billion years ago, matter, energy, time and space came into being in what is known as the Big Bang. The…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/about-13-5-billion-years-ago-matter-energy-time-and-space-came-into/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/810/yuval-noah-harari-100_big-bang_about-13-5-billion-years-ago-matter-ener_1695350.jpg)

> [“Every human that ever existed came into being as a result of male sperm inseminating a female egg. Think of the first…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/every-human-that-ever-existed-came-into-being-as-a-result-of-male/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/103/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_every-human-that-ever-existed-came-into_1312575.jpg)

> [“Today, the 4-billion-year-old regime of natural selection is facing a completely different challenge. In laboratories throughout the world, scientists are engineering living…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/today-the-4-billion-year-old-regime-of-natural-selection-is-facing-a/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ca9/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_today-the-4-billion-year-old-regime-of-n_296442.jpg)

> [“If we think in term of months, we had probably focus on immediate problems such as the turmoil in the Middle East,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/if-we-think-in-term-of-months-we-had-probably-focus-on-immediate/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d61/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_if-we-think-in-term-of-months-we-had-pro_2780127.jpg)

> [“1. Science is converging on an all-encompassing dogma, which says that organisms are algorithms, and life is data processing. 2. Intelligence is…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/1-science-is-converging-on-an-all-encompassing-dogma-which-says-that-2/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e96/yuval-noah-harari-100_biology_1-science-is-converging-on-an-all-encomp_1739968.jpg)

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## More by Yuval Noah Harari

> [“For similar reasons, archaic humans did not initiate any revolutions. As far as we can tell, changes in social patterns, the invention of new…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/for-similar-reasons-archaic-humans-did-not-initiate-any-revolutions/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Today the main source of wealth is knowledge. And whereas you can conquer oil fields through war, you cannot acquire knowledge that way.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/today-the-main-source-of-wealth-is-knowledge-and-whereas-you-can/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“How do you cause people to believe in an imagined order such as Christianity, democracy or capitalism? First, you never admit that the order…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/how-do-you-cause-people-to-believe-in-an-imagined-order-such-as/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [I think the basic thing that happened is we have lost our story. Humans think in stories, and we try to make sense of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/i-think-the-basic-thing-that-happened-is-we-have-lost-our-story/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Whereas chimpanzees spend five hours a day chewing raw food, a single hour suffices for people eating cooked food. The advent of cooking enabled…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/whereas-chimpanzees-spend-five-hours-a-day-chewing-raw-food-a-single/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“the Chinese air-purification market is booming.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/the-chinese-air-purification-market-is-booming/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Whereas liberalism merged with the milder versions of nationalism to protect the unique experiences of each human community, evolutionary humanists such as Hitler identified…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/whereas-liberalism-merged-with-the-milder-versions-of-nationalism-to/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Corporations, money and nations exist only in our imagination. We invented them to serve us; why do we find ourselves sacrificing our lives in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/corporations-money-and-nations-exist-only-in-our-imagination-we/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Small children in affluent societies often dislike showering, and it takes them years of education and parental discipline to adopt this supposedly attractive custom.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/small-children-in-affluent-societies-often-dislike-showering-and-it/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Ever more scholars see cultures as a kind of mental infection or parasite, with humans as its unwitting host. Organic parasites, such as viruses,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/ever-more-scholars-see-cultures-as-a-kind-of-mental-infection-or/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Soviet Communism was a fanatical and missionary religion. A devout Communist could not be a Christian or a Buddhist, and was expected to spread…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/soviet-communism-was-a-fanatical-and-missionary-religion-a-devout/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Whereas religion asks us to believe in something, money asks us to believe that other people believe in something”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/whereas-religion-asks-us-to-believe-in-something-money-asks-us-to/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Terrorists are like a fly that tries to destroy a china shop. The fly is so weak that it cannot budge even a single…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/terrorists-are-like-a-fly-that-tries-to-destroy-a-china-shop-the-fly/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“Yet what happens if the greedy shoemaker increases his profits by paying employees less and increasing their work hours? The standard answer is that…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/yet-what-happens-if-the-greedy-shoemaker-increases-his-profits-by/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

> [“A natural order is a stable order. There is no chance that gravity will cease to function tomorrow, even if people stop believing in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/a-natural-order-is-a-stable-order-there-is-no-chance-that-gravity/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

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                        "text": "“The romantic contrast between modern industry that “destroys nature” and our ancestors who “lived in harmony with nature” is groundless. Long before the Industrial Revolution, Homo sapiens held the record among all organisms for driving the most plant and animal species to their extinctions. We have the dubious distinction of being the deadliest species in the annals of life.”",
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                        "text": "“Thanks to our growing understanding of human biology, medicine can keep us alive long enough for our minds and ‘authentic selves’ to disintegrate and dissolve. All too often, what’s left is a collection of dysfunctional biological systems kept going by a collection of monitors, computers and pumps.”",
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                        "text": "“A good rule of thumb is ‘Biology enables, culture forbids.’ Biology is willing to tolerate a very wide spectrum of possibilities. It’s culture that obliges people to realise some possibilities while forbidding others. Biology enables women to have children – some cultures oblige women to realise this possibility. Biology enables men to enjoy sex with one another – some cultures forbid them to realise this possibility. Culture tends to argue that it forbids only that which is unnatural. But from a biological perspective, nothing is unnatural. Whatever is possible is by definition also natural. A truly unnatural behaviour, one that goes against the laws of nature, simply cannot exist, so it would need no prohibition. No culture has ever bothered to forbid men to photosynthesise, women to run faster than the speed of light, or negatively charged electrons to be attracted to each other.”",
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                        "text": "“1.​Science is converging on an all-encompassing dogma, which says that organisms are algorithms and life is data processing. 2.​Intelligence is decoupling from consciousness. 3.​Non-conscious but highly intelligent algorithms may soon know us better than we know ourselves. These three processes raise three key questions, which I hope will stick in your mind long after you have finished this book: 1.​Are organisms really just algorithms, and is life really just data processing? 2.​What’s more valuable – intelligence or consciousness? 3.​What will happen to society, politics and daily life when non-conscious but highly intelligent algorithms know us better than we know ourselves?”",
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                        "text": "“culture that obliges people to realise some possibilities while forbidding others. Biology enables women to have children – some cultures oblige women to realise this possibility. Biology enables men to enjoy sex with one another – some cultures forbid them to realise this possibility. Culture tends to argue that it forbids only that which is unnatural. But from a biological perspective, nothing is unnatural. Whatever is possible is by definition also natural. A truly unnatural behaviour, one that goes against the laws of nature, simply cannot exist, so it would need no prohibition. No culture has ever bothered to forbid men to photosynthesise, women to run faster than the speed of light, or negatively charged electrons to be attracted to each other.”",
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                        "text": "“To understand the rise of Christianity or the French Revolution, it is not enough to comprehend the interaction of genes, hormones and organisms. It is necessary to take into account the interaction of ideas, images and fantasies as well. This does not mean that Homo sapiens and human culture became exempt from biological laws. We are still animals, and our physical, emotional and cognitive abilities are still shaped by our DNA. Our societies are built from the same building blocks as Neanderthal or chimpanzee societies, and the more we examine these building blocks – sensations, emotions, family ties – the less difference we find between us and other apes. It”",
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                        "text": "“How can we distinguish what is biologically determined from what people merely try to justify through biological myths? A good rule of thumb is ‘Biology enables, Culture forbids.’ Biology is willing to tolerate a very wide spectrum of possibilities. It’s culture that obliges people to realize some possibilities while forbidding others. Biology enables women to have children – some cultures oblige women to realize this possibility. Biology enables men to enjoy sex with one another – some cultures forbid them to realize this possibility. Culture tends to argue that it forbids only that which is unnatural. But from a biological perspective, nothing is unnatural. Whatever is possible is by definition also natural. A truly unnatural behavior, one that goes against the laws of nature, simply cannot exist.”",
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                        "text": "“The First Wave Extinction, which accompanied the spread of the foragers, was followed by the Second Wave Extinction, which accompanied the spread of the farmers, and gives us an important perspective on the Third Wave Extinction, which industrial activity is causing today. Don’t believe tree-huggers who claim that our ancestors lived in harmony with nature. Long before the Industrial Revolution, Homo sapiens held the record among all organisms for driving the most plant and animal species to their extinctions. We have the dubious distinction of being the deadliest species in the annals of biology. Perhaps”",
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                        "text": "“About 13.5 billion years ago, matter, energy, time and space came into being in what is known as the Big Bang. The story of these fundamental features of our universe is called physics. About 300,000 years after their appearance, matter and energy started to coalesce into complex structures, called atoms, which then combined into molecules. The story of atoms, molecules and their interactions is called chemistry. About 3.8. billion years ago, on a planet called Earth, certain molecules combined to form particularly large and intricate structures called organisms. The story of organisms is called biology. About 70,000 years ago, organisms belonging to the species Homo sapiens started to form even more elaborate structures called cultures. The subsequent development of these human cultures is called history.”",
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                        "text": "“Every human that ever existed came into being as a result of male sperm inseminating a female egg. Think of the first baby to possess a soul. That baby was very similar to her mother and father, except that she had a soul and they didn’t. Our biological knowledge can certainly explain the birth of a baby whose cornea was a bit more curved than her parents’ corneas. A slight mutation in a single gene can account for that. But biology cannot explain the birth of a baby possessing an eternal soul from parents who did not have even a shred of a soul.”",
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                        "text": "“Today, the 4-billion-year-old regime of natural selection is facing a completely different challenge. In laboratories throughout the world, scientists are engineering living beings. They break the laws of natural selection with impunity, unbridled even by an organism’s original characteristics. Eduardo Kac, a Brazilian bio-artist, decided in 2000 to create a new work of art: a fluorescent green rabbit. Kac contacted a French laboratory and offered it a fee to engineer a radiant bunny according to his specifications. The French scientists took a run-of-the-mill white rabbit embryo, implanted in its DNA a gene taken from a green fluorescent jellyfish, and voilà! One green fluorescent rabbit for le monsieur. Kac named the rabbit Alba. It is impossible to explain the existence of Alba through the laws of natural selection. She is the product of intelligent design. She is also a harbinger of things to come. If the potential Alba signifies is realised in full – and if humankind doesn’t annihilate itself meanwhile – the Scientific Revolution might prove itself far greater than a mere historical revolution. It may turn out to be the most important biological revolution since the appearance of life on earth. After 4 billion years of natural selection, Alba stands at the dawn of a new cosmic era, in which life will be ruled by intelligent design. If this happens, the whole of human history up to that point might, with hindsight, be reinterpreted as a process of experimentation and apprenticeship that revolutionised the game of life. Such a process should be understood from a cosmic perspective of billions of years, rather than from a human perspective of millennia. Biologists the world over are locked in battle with the intelligent-design movement, which opposes the teaching of Darwinian evolution in schools and claims that biological complexity proves there must be a creator who thought out all biological details in advance. The biologists are right about the past, but the proponents of intelligent design might, ironically, be right about the future. At the time of writing, the replacement of natural selection by intelligent design could happen in any of three ways: through biological engineering, cyborg engineering (cyborgs are beings that combine organic with non-organic parts) or the engineering of in-organic life.”",
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                        "text": "“If we think in term of months, we had probably focus on immediate problems such as the turmoil in the Middle East, the refugee crisis in Europe and the slowing of the Chinese economy. If we think in terms of decades, then global warming, growing inequality and the disruption of the job market loom large. Yet if we take the really grand view of life, all other problems and developments are overshadowed by three interlinked processes: 1.​Science is converging on an all-encompassing dogma, which says that organisms are algorithms and life is data processing. 2.​Intelligence is decoupling from consciousness. 3.​Non-conscious but highly intelligent algorithms may soon know us better than we know ourselves. These three processes raise three key questions, which I hope will stick in your mind long after you have finished this book: 1.​Are organisms really just algorithms, and is life really just data processing? 2.​What’s more valuable – intelligence or consciousness? 3.​What will happen to society, politics and daily life when non-conscious but highly intelligent algorithms know us better than we know ourselves?”",
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