---
title: "32 Basic Income Quotes By Guy Standing"
description: "32 Basic Income quotes by Guy Standing. Plus more from Guy Standing and more Basic Income sayings from other authors."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/756/guy-standing-4017_effect_the-primary-value-of-a-basic-income-woul_2107172.jpg"
---

> [The primary value of a basic income would be its emancipatory effect.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-primary-value-of-a-basic-income-would-be-its-emancipatory-effect/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/756/guy-standing-4017_effect_the-primary-value-of-a-basic-income-woul_2107172.jpg)

> [A primary justification for a basic income is social justice.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/a-primary-justification-for-a-basic-income-is-social-justice/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a63/guy-standing-4017_income_a-primary-justification-for-a-basic-inco_2106440.jpg)

> [A multi-tier social protection system must be based on a modest basic income so as to enable the precariat to build lives…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/a-multi-tier-social-protection-system-must-be-based-on-a-modest-basic/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ab7/guy-standing-4017_balance_a-multi-tier-social-protection-system-mu_2971375.jpg)

> [If you had a basic income, it would mean that everybody would have a base on top of which their earned income…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/if-you-had-a-basic-income-it-would-mean-that-everybody-would-have-a/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/91b/guy-standing-4017_earned_if-you-had-a-basic-income-it-would-mean_3164379.jpg)

> [Public social services, infrastructural policies, and so on are vital. But a basic income should be part of a package of reforms.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/public-social-services-infrastructural-policies-and-so-on-are-vital/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b89/guy-standing-4017_part_public-social-services-infrastructural-p_2956288.jpg)

> [I don't see basic income as a panacea, but we must have a new income distribution system. The old one has broken…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/i-don-t-see-basic-income-as-a-panacea-but-we-must-have-a-new-income/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8b7/guy-standing-4017_broken_i-don-t-see-basic-income-as-a-panacea-bu_2712596.jpg)

> [The claim that if people had a basic income they would become lazy is prejudiced and has been refuted many times in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-claim-that-if-people-had-a-basic-income-they-would-become-lazy-is/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9b7/guy-standing-4017_become_the-claim-that-if-people-had-a-basic-inc_956604.jpg)

> [“Although reducing poverty, economic insecurity, malnutrition and ill-health should be the primary driving forces, an additional factor is the stress being placed…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/although-reducing-poverty-economic-insecurity-malnutrition-and-ill/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d9b/guy-standing-4017_developing-countries_although-reducing-poverty-economic-insec_327937.jpg)

> [“What is the ethical or philosophical justification for a basic income? A fundamental claim is that it is an instrument of social…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/what-is-the-ethical-or-philosophical-justification-for-a-basic-income/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/caa/guy-standing-4017_character_what-is-the-ethical-or-philosophical-jus_1038868.jpg)

> [“Security is a precious asset. It should be a goal of everyone who genuinely wants to build a good society rather than…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/security-is-a-precious-asset-it-should-be-a-goal-of-everyone-who/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/fc1/guy-standing-4017_cybersecurity_security-is-a-precious-asset-it-should-b_1552588.jpg)

> [“In Brazil, from 2008–14, a local NGO, ReCivitas Institute, gave a monthly basic income of about US$9 to 100 residents of Quatinga…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/in-brazil-from-2008-14-a-local-ngo-recivitas-institute-gave-a-monthly/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/31e/guy-standing-4017_funded_in-brazil-from-2008-14-a-local-ngo-reciv_3209235.jpg)

> [“In an innovative proposal linked to basic income that has attracted interest across the European Union, Philippe van Parijs has suggested that…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/in-an-innovative-proposal-linked-to-basic-income-that-has-attracted/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3b3/guy-standing-4017_european-union_in-an-innovative-proposal-linked-to-basi_1403311.jpg)

> [“What Is Meant by ‘Basic’? The term ‘basic’ causes a lot of confusion. At the least, it means an amount that would…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/what-is-meant-by-basic-the-term-basic-causes-a-lot-of-confusion-at/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/249/guy-standing-4017_cybersecurity_what-is-meant-by-basic-the-term-basic-ca_2978979.jpg)

> [“In developing country contexts, basic income and cash transfers have been shown to have positive effects on entrepreneurship;3 in Madhya Pradesh, basic…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/in-developing-country-contexts-basic-income-and-cash-transfers-have/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0d7/guy-standing-4017_business_in-developing-country-contexts-basic-inc_2569948.jpg)

> [“The ethical and philosophical justifications for basic income – social justice, freedom and economic security – have been well established. They are…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-ethical-and-philosophical-justifications-for-basic-income-social/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/4fe/guy-standing-4017_cybersecurity_the-ethical-and-philosophical-justificat_52795.jpg)

> [“My contention is that a basic income would increase both the amount and the productivity of ‘work’, and could also increase the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/my-contention-is-that-a-basic-income-would-increase-both-the-amount/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/491/guy-standing-4017_ancient-greek_my-contention-is-that-a-basic-income-wou_3209245.jpg)

> [“Ironically, opponents of basic income on the grounds that it would lead to a dismantling of the welfare state tend to support…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/ironically-opponents-of-basic-income-on-the-grounds-that-it-would/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/012/guy-standing-4017_leadership_ironically-opponents-of-basic-income-on_231292.jpg)

> [“Reformers must be able to pre-empt the expected jibes over lack of ‘reciprocity’, affordability, inducement to laziness, ‘something for nothing’ and cash…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/reformers-must-be-able-to-pre-empt-the-expected-jibes-over-lack-of/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e08/guy-standing-4017_enjoying-life_reformers-must-be-able-to-pre-empt-the-e_387691.jpg)

> [“Cash transfer schemes that at present are overwhelmingly targeted at ‘the poor’ have the potential to prepare the way for basic income.2…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/cash-transfer-schemes-that-at-present-are-overwhelmingly-targeted-at/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/aec/guy-standing-4017_basic-income_cash-transfer-schemes-that-at-present-ar_2505233.jpg)

> [“Leaving aside instrumental reasons for supporting a basic income, the thrill lies in the potential to advance full freedom and social justice,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/leaving-aside-instrumental-reasons-for-supporting-a-basic-income-the/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/58d/guy-standing-4017_adventure_leaving-aside-instrumental-reasons-for-s_366543.jpg)

> [“The experience of cash transfer programmes and basic income pilots is that, for the most part, the money is spent on ‘private…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-experience-of-cash-transfer-programmes-and-basic-income-pilots-is/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1d9/guy-standing-4017_education_the-experience-of-cash-transfer-programm_735989.jpg)

> [“Unlike most alternatives, a basic income is a way of reducing poverty without stigmatizing the recipients and making them supplicants. As numerous…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/unlike-most-alternatives-a-basic-income-is-a-way-of-reducing-poverty/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/417/guy-standing-4017_poverty_unlike-most-alternatives-a-basic-income_2504007.jpg)

> [“The Economist has produced a more sophisticated set of ‘back-of-the-envelope’ estimates in an interactive basic income calculator for all OECD countries.4 This…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-economist-has-produced-a-more-sophisticated-set-of-back-of-the/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/cc7/guy-standing-4017_people-with-disabili_the-economist-has-produced-a-more-sophis_2984113.jpg)

> [“a basic income is arguably more justified by the need for economic security than by a desire to eradicate poverty. Martin Luther…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/a-basic-income-is-arguably-more-justified-by-the-need-for-economic/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/fa0/guy-standing-4017_cybersecurity_a-basic-income-is-arguably-more-justifie_2676506.jpg)

> [“Whatever variant of freedom is espoused, a basic income would enhance it. However, in the liberal tradition a basic income would be…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/whatever-variant-of-freedom-is-espoused-a-basic-income-would-enhance/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1b5/guy-standing-4017_creative-work_whatever-variant-of-freedom-is-espoused_2701820.jpg)

> [“The first basic income pilot in a developing country was implemented in the small Namibian village of Otjivero-Omitara in 2008–9, covering about…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-first-basic-income-pilot-in-a-developing-country-was-implemented/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f02/guy-standing-4017_collective-action_the-first-basic-income-pilot-in-a-develo_354599.jpg)

> [“PROFESSOR’S TEASER Here is an interesting teaser from Harvard economics professor Greg Mankiw, in a blog post entitled ‘A quick note on…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/professor-s-teaser-here-is-an-interesting-teaser-from-harvard/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d96/guy-standing-4017_flat-tax_professor-s-teaser-here-is-an-interestin_817962.jpg)

> [“As of early 2017, GiveDirectly planned to mobilize $30 million for what it claims will be the largest basic income experiment ever.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/as-of-early-2017-givedirectly-planned-to-mobilize-30-million-for-what/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/785/guy-standing-4017_devil-worship_as-of-early-2017-givedirectly-planned-to_2304582.jpg)

> [“Politicians must find a way – or several ways for different groups – of framing basic income so as to outflank critics…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/politicians-must-find-a-way-or-several-ways-for-different-groups-of/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/4fa/guy-standing-4017_money_politicians-must-find-a-way-or-several-w_3168950.jpg)

> [“The financing option favoured by this writer would be to fund a basic income from the construction of sovereign wealth funds, along…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-financing-option-favoured-by-this-writer-would-be-to-fund-a-basic/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/982/guy-standing-4017_money_the-financing-option-favoured-by-this-wr_2459316.jpg)

> [“While there are reasons to be sceptical about the predicted technological dystopia that has prompted many high-tech plutocrats to come out in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/while-there-are-reasons-to-be-sceptical-about-the-predicted/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/688/guy-standing-4017_industrial-revolutio_while-there-are-reasons-to-be-sceptical_108027.jpg)

> [“It was nevertheless Thomas More who first depicted what a society with a basic income might look like. In a novel justification…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/it-was-nevertheless-thomas-more-who-first-depicted-what-a-society/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a5a/guy-standing-4017_better-way_it-was-nevertheless-thomas-more-who-firs_1769084.jpg)

## Other authors on Basic Income

## More by Guy Standing

> [“The ethical and philosophical justifications for basic income – social justice, freedom and economic security – have been well established. They are embedded in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-ethical-and-philosophical-justifications-for-basic-income-social/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

> [What we can say with confidence is that the technological revolution is worsening inequality, due mostly to mechanisms that limit free markets. It is…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/what-we-can-say-with-confidence-is-that-the-technological-revolution/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

> [“While there are reasons to be sceptical about the predicted technological dystopia that has prompted many high-tech plutocrats to come out in support of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/while-there-are-reasons-to-be-sceptical-about-the-predicted/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

> [“Selective paternalism, for those on low incomes or for other groups needing state assistance, is perhaps even worse than general paternalism, since the minority…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/selective-paternalism-for-those-on-low-incomes-or-for-other-groups/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

> [A democratically governed national fracking fund should be set up, perhaps similar to what Norway and Alaska have. Areas of drilling should be rented…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/a-democratically-governed-national-fracking-fund-should-be-set-up/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

> [Many low-income people in the U.S.A. charged with a crime opt to plead guilty to a lesser offence because they cannot afford to go…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/many-low-income-people-in-the-u-s-a-charged-with-a-crime-opt-to-plead/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

> [People in the precariat rely very heavily on money wages.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/people-in-the-precariat-rely-very-heavily-on-money-wages/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

> [“Ironically, opponents of basic income on the grounds that it would lead to a dismantling of the welfare state tend to support some variant…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/ironically-opponents-of-basic-income-on-the-grounds-that-it-would/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

> [Globalisation began what should be called the Great Convergence, creating a globalising labour market in which wages in emerging market economies slowly converge with…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/globalisation-began-what-should-be-called-the-great-convergence/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

> [“Although reducing poverty, economic insecurity, malnutrition and ill-health should be the primary driving forces, an additional factor is the stress being placed on societies…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/although-reducing-poverty-economic-insecurity-malnutrition-and-ill/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

> [“The first basic income pilot in a developing country was implemented in the small Namibian village of Otjivero-Omitara in 2008–9, covering about 1,000 people.40…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-first-basic-income-pilot-in-a-developing-country-was-implemented/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

> [“Leaving aside instrumental reasons for supporting a basic income, the thrill lies in the potential to advance full freedom and social justice, and the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/leaving-aside-instrumental-reasons-for-supporting-a-basic-income-the/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

> [“Reformers must be able to pre-empt the expected jibes over lack of ‘reciprocity’, affordability, inducement to laziness, ‘something for nothing’ and cash for the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/reformers-must-be-able-to-pre-empt-the-expected-jibes-over-lack-of/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

> [“The importance of ethical governance, exemplified by the Norwegian Pension Fund, is highlighted by a deplorable UK government proposal in 2016 to set up…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/the-importance-of-ethical-governance-exemplified-by-the-norwegian/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

> [If the scale of gas is anything like the claims made by its advocates, it has major implications for the economy and British society.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/guy-standing/if-the-scale-of-gas-is-anything-like-the-claims-made-by-its-advocates/)

[Guy Standing](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/guy-standing/)

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                        "text": "If you had a basic income, it would mean that everybody would have a base on top of which their earned income would be taxed at the standard rate of tax. That would increase the incentive to take low-wage jobs.",
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                        "text": "Public social services, infrastructural policies, and so on are vital. But a basic income should be part of a package of reforms.",
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                        "text": "I don't see basic income as a panacea, but we must have a new income distribution system. The old one has broken down irretrievably.",
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                        "text": "The claim that if people had a basic income they would become lazy is prejudiced and has been refuted many times in many places.",
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                        "text": "“Although reducing poverty, economic insecurity, malnutrition and ill-health should be the primary driving forces, an additional factor is the stress being placed on societies all over the world from distress and other forms of migration. A basic income system in impoverished and low-income communities in developing countries would surely encourage more people to stay in and (re)build their communities.”",
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                        "text": "“What is the ethical or philosophical justification for a basic income? A fundamental claim is that it is an instrument of social justice that reflects the intrinsically social or collective character of society’s wealth. In the writer’s view, social justice is the most important rationale for moving towards basic income as an economic right, although it is complementary to the other two major rationales, namely freedom and economic security.”",
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                        "text": "“Security is a precious asset. It should be a goal of everyone who genuinely wants to build a good society rather than one that facilitates the aggrandizement of a privileged elite who knowingly gain from the insecurities of others. Wanting others to have what you want takes courage. That is what basic income is about.”",
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                        "text": "“In Brazil, from 2008–14, a local NGO, ReCivitas Institute, gave a monthly basic income of about US$9 to 100 residents of Quatinga Velho, a small poor village in São Paulo state, funded by private donors. In January 2016, it launched Basic Income Startup, another donor-funded project, which will give individuals a ‘lifetime’ basic income, adding another individual for each $1,000 donated. ReCivitas hopes this idea will be replicated elsewhere in Brazil and internationally.”",
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                        "text": "“In an innovative proposal linked to basic income that has attracted interest across the European Union, Philippe van Parijs has suggested that every EU resident (presumably, legal resident) would receive a Euro-Dividend averaging €200 per month, paid for by a 20 per cent value added tax.11 This would amount to about 10 per cent of EU GDP.”",
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                        "text": "“What Is Meant by ‘Basic’? The term ‘basic’ causes a lot of confusion. At the least, it means an amount that would enable someone to survive in extremis, in the society they live in. It could be more. However, the underlying purpose is to provide basic economic security, not total security or affluence. Total security would be neither feasible nor desirable. Deciding what constitutes basic security is a challenge, but intuitively it should be easy to understand. Basic security in terms of being able to obtain enough to eat and a place to live, an opportunity to learn and access to medical care surely constitutes what any ‘good society’ should provide, equally and as certainly as it can. Most advocates of a basic income believe it should be provided as a ‘right’, meaning that it cannot be withdrawn at will. This”",
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                        "text": "“In developing country contexts, basic income and cash transfers have been shown to have positive effects on entrepreneurship;3 in Madhya Pradesh, basic income was strongly associated with new entrepreneurial activities.4 In industrialized countries, basic income would provide essential security for the growing numbers of unwillingly self-employed and independent contractors, as well as for those with entrepreneurial ambitions. More generally, it would encourage people to seek training and job opportunities in line with their skills and motivations rather than those most likely to ‘put food on the table’. This would make the economy more productive by facilitating the efficient reallocation of talent and increasing the level of job engagement. In”",
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                        "text": "“The ethical and philosophical justifications for basic income – social justice, freedom and economic security – have been well established. They are embedded in the Enlightenment values of all civilized societies and are clearly interrelated, ultimately resting on the sentiment of empathy. This is the emotion that separates the progressive mind from the reactionary one. Empathy derives from a strong faith in the human condition. It is the ability to put oneself in another’s shoes and to accept that people have the right to live as they wish, as long as they do no intentional or careless harm to others. Defending”",
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                        "text": "“My contention is that a basic income would increase both the amount and the productivity of ‘work’, and could also increase the quality of ‘leisure’, in the ancient Greek sense of schole. This term, from which the English word ‘school’ is derived, meant being free from the necessity to labour, which Aristotle argued was a necessary condition for full participation in cultural and political life. That aside, would it be so bad – socially, economically and ecologically – if some people took advantage of a basic income to reduce the amount of labour and/or work?”",
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                        "text": "“Ironically, opponents of basic income on the grounds that it would lead to a dismantling of the welfare state tend to support some variant of social insurance. They should be reminded that social insurance was first introduced by someone vehemently opposed to the political ideology they purport to represent. Otto von Bismarck prohibited socialists and exiled their leaders from Prussian cities. So those criticizing basic income because, in their albeit incorrect view, it is advocated by enemies of socialism should logically be opposed to the fundamental base of old welfare states.”",
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                        "text": "“Reformers must be able to pre-empt the expected jibes over lack of ‘reciprocity’, affordability, inducement to laziness, ‘something for nothing’ and cash for the undeserving and unneedy. Above all in this respect, reformers must confront the view that ordinary citizens would be taxed to help pay for some people to live at their expense. The right-wing media would seize upon any poor person they could display as enjoying life as proof that the basic income was encouraging debauchery, using ‘taxpayers’ money’. Sadly, statistical evidence would not be enough to curb such prejudiced journalism. Either a pre-emptive strategy would be required in which such incidents were built into the learning process. Or, better, the funding should be shown as coming from ‘capital’ or forms of rent, so the media could not present it as taxing Bill to pay Jack.”",
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                        "text": "“Cash transfer schemes that at present are overwhelmingly targeted at ‘the poor’ have the potential to prepare the way for basic income.2 But four factors have so far impeded the transition – a belief in ‘targeting’ (only the poor should receive the cash), ‘selectivity’ (some groups should have priority), ‘conditionality’ (recipients should be required to undertake certain actions or behave in certain ways), and ‘randomization’ (policy should only be introduced when it has been tested, or evaluated, by randomized control trials, and thus be ‘evidence-based’).”",
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                        "text": "“Leaving aside instrumental reasons for supporting a basic income, the thrill lies in the potential to advance full freedom and social justice, and the values of work and leisure over the dictates of labour and consumption. The times they are a-changin’, sang Bob Dylan. And times do change the chances of success. As Thomas Paine so memorably put it in the introduction to his epochal Common Sense of 1776, ‘Time makes more Converts than Reason.’ For basic income or social dividends, the time is now.”",
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                        "text": "“The experience of cash transfer programmes and basic income pilots is that, for the most part, the money is spent on ‘private goods’, such as food for children, healthcare and schooling. What is more, studies have shown that, contrary to popular prejudice, receipt of a basic income or cash transfer leads to reduced spending on drugs, alcohol and tobacco, which can be seen as ‘therapy bads’ (or ‘compensatory bads’) for alleviating a difficult and hopeless situation. Four examples are worth reflection. In Liberia, a group of alcoholics, addicts and petty criminals were recruited from the slums, and each given the equivalent of US$200, with no conditions attached. Three years later, they were interviewed to find out what they had used the money for. The answer was mainly for food, clothing and medicine. As one of the researchers wondered, if such people did not squander a basic income grant, who would?8 Another study, reported by The Economist, took place in the City of London, known as the Square Mile, where a ‘hidden legion of homeless people’ emerges in the evening.9 Broadway, a charity, identified 338 of them, most of whom had spent over a year living on the streets. It singled out the longest-term rough sleepers, those who had been on the streets for over four years, asked what they needed to change their lives and gave it to them. The average outlay was £794. Of the thirteen who engaged, eleven had moved off the streets within a year. None said they wanted the money for drink, drugs or gambling. Several told researchers that they cooperated because they were offered control over their lives, rather than, in their eyes, being bullied into hostels. And the cost was a fraction of the £26,000 estimated to be spent annually on each homeless person, in health, police and prison bills.”",
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                        "text": "“Unlike most alternatives, a basic income is a way of reducing poverty without stigmatizing the recipients and making them supplicants. As numerous studies have shown, the stigma attached to means-tested targeted welfare means that many people in real need do not apply for assistance, from pride, fear or ignorance. It is shameful that politicians persist in supporting such schemes when the inherent defects are well known. The contrast with a universalistic scheme was brought out in the Canadian Mincome experiment in Dauphin, Manitoba (see Chapter 11).5 Many people on low incomes, including the unemployed, did not apply for standard ‘welfare’ because of stigma, but gladly took the unconditional minimum income payments that blurred distinctions between low-wage workers, the unemployed and recipients of social assistance. Respondents to questions about the experiment said they welcomed the Mincome payments because they made them feel independent and enabled them to work while avoiding the invasive and degrading procedures associated with means-tested welfare. As one man said, these gave ‘a bad image to the family’. Another”",
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                        "text": "“The Economist has produced a more sophisticated set of ‘back-of-the-envelope’ estimates in an interactive basic income calculator for all OECD countries.4 This purports to show how much could be paid as a basic income by switching spending on non-health transfers, leaving tax revenues and other public spending unchanged. Interestingly, even on this very restrictive basis, a cluster of seven west European countries could already pay over $10,000 per person per year. The United States could pay $6,300 and Britain $5,800. Obviously, for most countries, the level of basic income that could be financed from this tax-neutral welfare-switching exercise would be modest – though, especially for bottom-ranked countries such as South Korea ($2,200) or Mexico (only $900), this largely reflects their current low tax take and welfare spending. The Economist’s interactive calculator also aims to calculate what tax rises would be needed to pay a basic income of a given amount. For the UK, the calculator estimates that the cost of a basic income of one-third average GDP per head would require a 15 percentage point rise in tax take. Its calculations can again be questioned in their own terms. However, all these back-of-the-envelope exercises are flawed in more fundamental ways. First, they do not allow for clawing the basic income back in tax from higher-income earners, which could be done with no net cost to the affluent or to the Exchequer, simply by tweaking tax rates and allowances so that the extra tax take equals the basic income paid. Second, they do not take account of administrative savings from removal of means testing and behaviour conditions. Administration accounted for £8 billion of the £172 billion 2013–14 budget of the UK’s Department of Work and Pensions, much of which will have gone to pay staff in local job centres to monitor and sanction benefit recipients. This does not include hundreds of millions of pounds paid to private contractors to carry out so-called ‘work assessment’ tests on people with disabilities, which have led to denial of benefits to some of society’s most vulnerable people. Third, they compare the cost of a basic income with the existing welfare budget and assume that all other areas of public spending remain intact. Yet governments can always choose to realign spending priorities. The UK government could save billions by scrapping the plan to replace the Trident nuclear missile system, now estimated to cost more than £200 billion over its lifetime. It could save further billions by ending subsidies that go predominantly to corporations and the affluent.”",
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                        "text": "“a basic income is arguably more justified by the need for economic security than by a desire to eradicate poverty. Martin Luther King captured several aspects of this rather well in his 1967 book, Where Do We Go from Here? [A] host of positive psychological changes inevitably will result from widespread economic security. The dignity of the individual will flourish when the decisions concerning his life are in his own hands, when he has the assurance that his income is stable and certain, and when he knows that he has the means to seek self-improvement. Personal conflicts between husband, wife and children will diminish when the unjust measurement of human worth on a scale of dollars is eliminated.15 Twentieth-century welfare states tried to reduce certain risks of insecurity with contributory insurance schemes. In an industrial economy, the probability of so-called ‘contingency risks’, such as illness, workplace accidents, unemployment and disability, could be estimated actuarially. A system of social insurance could be constructed that worked reasonably well for the majority. In a predominantly ‘tertiary’ economy, in which more people are in and out of temporary, part-time and casual jobs and are doing a lot of unpaid job-related work outside fixed hours and workplaces, this route to providing basic security has broken down. The”",
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                        "text": "“Whatever variant of freedom is espoused, a basic income would enhance it. However, in the liberal tradition a basic income would be both necessary and sufficient, if judged high enough to meet basic needs. In the republican tradition, however, basic income would be necessary but not sufficient; other institutions and policies would be needed properly to advance freedom. A basic income would strengthen the following prosaic or day-to-day freedoms: — the freedom to refuse a job that is onerous, boring, low-paying or just nasty; — the freedom to accept a job that is none of the above but which could not be accepted if financial necessity dictated; — the freedom to stay in a job that pays less than previously or that has become more financially insecure; — the freedom to start a small-scale business venture, which is risky but potentially rewarding; — the freedom to do care work for a relative or friend, or voluntary work in and for the community, that might not be feasible if financial necessity required long hours of paid labour; — the freedom to do creative work and activities of all kinds; — the freedom to risk learning new skills or competences; — the freedom from bureaucratic interference, prying and coercion; — the freedom to form relationships and perhaps set up ‘home’ with someone, often precluded today by financial insecurity; — the freedom to leave a relationship that has turned sour or abusive; — the freedom to have a child; — the freedom to be lazy once in a while, a vital freedom to which we will return. Would alternative social policies do as well on any of these counts? At the very least, a social protection policy should be neutral on behavioural freedom, not moralistic, directive, coercive or punitive. The”",
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                        "text": "“The first basic income pilot in a developing country was implemented in the small Namibian village of Otjivero-Omitara in 2008–9, covering about 1,000 people.40 The study was carried out by the Namibian Basic Income Grant Coalition, with money raised from foundations and individual donations. Everyone in the village, including children but excluding over-sixties already receiving a social pension, was given a very small basic income of N$100 a month (worth US$12 at the time or about a third of the poverty line), and the outcomes compared with the previous situation. The results included better nutrition, particularly among children, improved health and greater use of the local primary healthcare centre, higher school attendance, increased economic activity and enhanced women’s status.41 The methodology would not have satisfied those favouring randomized control trials that were coming into vogue at the time. No control village was chosen to allow for the effects of external factors, in the country or economy, because those directing the pilot felt it was immoral to impose demands, in the form of lengthy surveys, on people who were being denied the benefit of the basic income grants. However, there were no reported changes in policy or outside interventions during the period covered by the pilot, and confidence in the results is justified both by the observed behaviour, and by recipients’ opinions in successive surveys. School attendance went up sharply, though there was no pressure on parents to send their children to school. The dynamics were revealing. Although the primary school was a state school, parents were required to pay a small fee for each child. Before the pilot, registration and attendance were low, and the school had too little income from fees to pay for basics, which made the school unattractive and lowered teachers’ morale. Once the cash transfers started, parents had enough money to pay school fees, and teachers had money to buy paper, pens, books, posters, paints and brushes, making the school more attractive to parents and children and raising the morale and, probably, the capacity of its teachers. There was also a substantial fall in petty economic crime such as stealing vegetables and killing small livestock for food. This encouraged villagers to plant more vegetables, buy more fertilizer and rear more livestock. These dynamic community-wide economic effects are usually overlooked in conventional evaluations, and would not be spotted if cash was given only to a random selection of individuals or households and evaluated as a randomized control trial. Another outcome, unplanned and unanticipated, was that villagers voluntarily set up a Basic Income Advisory Committee, led by the local primary school teacher and the village nurse, to advise people on how to spend or save their basic income money. The universal basic income thus induced collective action, and there was no doubt that this community activism increased the effectiveness of the basic incomes.”",
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                        "text": "“PROFESSOR’S TEASER Here is an interesting teaser from Harvard economics professor Greg Mankiw, in a blog post entitled ‘A quick note on a universal basic income’.25 Consider an economy in which average income is $50,000 but with much income inequality. To provide a social safety net, two possible policies are proposed. Which would you prefer? — A universal transfer of $10,000 to every person, financed by a 20-percent flat tax on income. — A means-tested transfer of $10,000. The full amount goes to someone without any income. The transfer is then phased out: You lose 20 cents of it for every dollar of income you earn. These transfers are financed by a tax of 20 percent on income above $50,000. I have seen smart people argue as follows: Policy A is crazy. Why should Bill Gates get a government transfer? He doesn’t need it, and we would need to raise more taxes to pay for it. Policy B is more progressive. It targets the transfer to those who really need it, and the transfer is financed by a smaller tax increase levied only on those with above-average incomes. But here is the rub. The two policies are equivalent. If you look at the net payment (taxes less transfers), everyone is exactly the same under the two plans. The difference is only a matter of framing. The professor’s argument is logically sound, although in practice the two policies are not equivalent. Means testing necessarily involves administrative costs for the state, and personal costs for the claimants, that reduce the value of any payment below its nominal value. Means-tested benefits are also uncertain and unstable, because the earned income on which they are based is uncertain and unstable. So, while the exchequer cost of the two policies may be equivalent, the value to recipients is not. All the more reason to go for the non-means-tested universal payment and claw it back from higher earners through the tax system.”",
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                        "text": "“As of early 2017, GiveDirectly planned to mobilize $30 million for what it claims will be the largest basic income experiment ever. Continuing with the RCT methodology, villages in two Kenyan counties will be divided into three groups: in forty villages all adult residents will receive a monthly basic income for twelve years; in eighty villages all adult residents will receive a basic income for two years; and in another eighty villages all adult residents will receive a lump sum equivalent to the two-year basic income. In all, some 26,000 individuals will receive cash transfers worth about 75 US cents a day. Data will also be collected from a control group of a hundred similar villages. The stated main objective of GiveDirectly is the eradication of ‘extreme poverty’, which is a worthy goal but is not the prime rationale for a basic income system. At the time of writing, the hypotheses to be tested had not been finalized, though one aim of the proposed study is to look at the impact of a long-term basic income on risk-taking, such as starting a business, and another is to look at village-level economic effects. The sheer size of the planned experiments may backfire by distorting the social and economic context. The project has already run into problems of low participation rates in one county, where people have refused the no-strings largesse, believing it to be linked to cults or devil worship. That said, unlike the pilots proposed in Europe, this experiment will test a genuine basic income by providing a universal, unconditional income paid to all individuals in a community. So the hope must be that the researchers, advised by well-known economists from prestigious US universities, will ask the right questions.”",
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                        "text": "“Politicians must find a way – or several ways for different groups – of framing basic income so as to outflank critics from the media and the establishment, most of whom have had more than the equivalent of a basic income from birth. Opponents will continue to use the sophistry of reciprocity – surely, you cannot want to give something for nothing – which they do not demand of inherited wealth. They will continue to depict images of laziness, dependency, scrounging and such like while reporting gleefully on the frolicking of the indolent rich. And they will leap on any policymaker or politician who suggests that, to finance a basic income, the affluent might need to pay more tax or lose certain tax privileges, while not questioning tax cuts for the wealthy at the expense of reduced social benefits and public services.”",
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                        "text": "“The financing option favoured by this writer would be to fund a basic income from the construction of sovereign wealth funds, along the lines of the Alaska Permanent Fund or the Norwegian Pension Fund. This option, which draws on the work of Nobel Prize winner James Meade in his book Agathatopia, would allow a country to build up the fund over the years and raise the amount paid out as basic income, or social dividend, as the fund developed.32 Viewed as a rightful share of income flowing from our collective wealth, the social dividend approach is politically attractive since it would not require either dismantling existing welfare systems or raising taxes on earned income.”",
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                        "text": "“While there are reasons to be sceptical about the predicted technological dystopia that has prompted many high-tech plutocrats to come out in support of basic income, this may nevertheless be a strong factor in mobilizing public pressure and political action. Whether jobs are going to dry up or not, the march of the robots is undoubtedly accentuating insecurity and inequality. A basic income or social dividend system would provide at least a partial antidote to that, as more commentators now recognize.6 For example, Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum and author of The Fourth Industrial Revolution, has described basic income as a ‘plausible’ response to labour market disruption.7”",
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                        "text": "“It was nevertheless Thomas More who first depicted what a society with a basic income might look like. In a novel justification that is not without modern parallels,4 he saw basic income as a better way to reduce thievery than hanging, then the usual punishment. One of his characters says: No penalty on earth will stop people from stealing if it is their only way of getting food … Instead of inflicting these horrible punishments, it would be far more to the point to provide everyone with some means of livelihood, so that nobody is under the frightful necessity of becoming first a thief and then a corpse. Ten years later, a Spanish-Flemish scholar and friend of More, Johannes Vives, submitted a detailed proposal to the Mayor of Bruges for ensuring a minimum subsistence for all the city’s residents; this led to a brief trial of the idea in the town of Ypres. For this reason, some credit Vives with being the first to initiate something like a basic income. But in his model the assistance (food) was targeted on the poor only. Vives was also a proponent of ‘workfare’, making the poor labour in return. Still, More, Vives and others helped to legitimize the idea of publicly funded and publicly provided poor relief, rather than reliance on discretionary charity by the Church or the rich.”",
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