---
title: "125 Adam Smith Quotes by 97 authors"
description: "Browse 125 Adam Smith quotes by 97 authors. Discover the best Adam Smith sayings and thoughts."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8a1/jerry-z-muller-32795_shopkeepers_it-was-in-the-eighteenth-century-that-en_126071.jpg"
---

> [“It was in the eighteenth century that England became what (Adam) Smith called "a nation of shopkeepers"… (p. 58)”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/jerry-z-muller/it-was-in-the-eighteenth-century-that-england-became-what-adam-smith/)

[Jerry Z. Muller](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/jerry-z-muller/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8a1/jerry-z-muller-32795_shopkeepers_it-was-in-the-eighteenth-century-that-en_126071.jpg)

> [We're supposed to worship Adam Smith but you're not supposed to read him. That's too dangerous.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/noam-chomsky/we-re-supposed-to-worship-adam-smith-but-you-re-not-supposed-to-read/)

[Noam Chomsky](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/noam-chomsky/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/294/noam-chomsky-42_adam_we-re-supposed-to-worship-adam-smith-but_395670.jpg)

> [Adam Smith's huge failure was the fact that he did not foresee the industrial revolution.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/p-j-o-rourke/adam-smith-s-huge-failure-was-the-fact-that-he-did-not-foresee-the/)

[P. J. O'Rourke](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/p-j-o-rourke/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c1d/p-j-o-rourke-184_adam_adam-smith-s-huge-failure-was-the-fact-t_357914.png)

> [Where are we to look for the consumption required but among the unproductive labourers of Adam Smith?.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/thomas-malthus/where-are-we-to-look-for-the-consumption-required-but-among-the/)

[Thomas Malthus](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/thomas-malthus/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1ee/thomas-malthus-7621_adam_where-are-we-to-look-for-the-consumption_1666660.png)

> [I debated free trade in college. I came out as a free trader. I'm a free markets guy. I'm an Adam Smith…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/sam-wyly/i-debated-free-trade-in-college-i-came-out-as-a-free-trader-i-m-a/)

[Sam Wyly](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/sam-wyly/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/887/sam-wyly-35578_adam_i-debated-free-trade-in-college-i-came-o_745205.png)

> [“Adam Smith himself made the analogy of the economy as a watch or a clock that once set in motion continues on…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nassim-nicholas-taleb/adam-smith-himself-made-the-analogy-of-the-economy-as-a-watch-or-a/)

[Nassim Nicholas Taleb](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nassim-nicholas-taleb/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0bb/nassim-nicholas-taleb-352_economics_adam-smith-himself-made-the-analogy-of-t_1324832.png)

> [There is a lot in Adam Smith that reflects the insights of Rousseau and anticipates those of Marx.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/allen-w-wood/there-is-a-lot-in-adam-smith-that-reflects-the-insights-of-rousseau/)

[Allen W. Wood](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/allen-w-wood/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0ca/allen-w-wood-2748_adam_there-is-a-lot-in-adam-smith-that-reflec_1651284.jpg)

> [That invisible hand of Adam Smith seems to offer an extended middle finger to an awful lot of people.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/george-carlin/that-invisible-hand-of-adam-smith-seems-to-offer-an-extended-middle/)

[George Carlin](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/george-carlin/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8dc/george-carlin-155_adam_that-invisible-hand-of-adam-smith-seems_1275263.jpg)

> [It is not for nothing that Skaldin in one part of his book quotes Adam Smith: we have seen that both his…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/vladimir-lenin/it-is-not-for-nothing-that-skaldin-in-one-part-of-his-book-quotes/)

[Vladimir Lenin](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/vladimir-lenin/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c82/vladimir-lenin-1306_adam_it-is-not-for-nothing-that-skaldin-in-on_1464559.jpg)

> [Adam Smith is misread as being amoral precisely because people don't read his first book, because they don't read 'The Theory of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/p-j-o-rourke/adam-smith-is-misread-as-being-amoral-precisely-because-people-don-t/)

[P. J. O'Rourke](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/p-j-o-rourke/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/305/p-j-o-rourke-184_adam_adam-smith-is-misread-as-being-amoral-pr_1438978.png)

> [When Adam Smith was being incomprehensible, he didn't have the luxury of brief, snappy technical terms as a shorthand for incoherence.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/anonymous/when-adam-smith-was-being-incomprehensible-he-didn-t-have-the-luxury/)

[Anonymous](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/anonymous/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/8e6/anonymous-1_adam_when-adam-smith-was-being-incomprehensib_2723248.jpg)

> [It was the mystical dogma of Bentham and Adam Smith and the rest, that some of the worst of human passions would…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/gilbert-k-chesterton/it-was-the-mystical-dogma-of-bentham-and-adam-smith-and-the-rest-that/)

[Gilbert K. Chesterton](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/gilbert-k-chesterton/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3fe/gilbert-k-chesterton-223_adam_it-was-the-mystical-dogma-of-bentham-and_1338025.png)

> [Adam Smith pointed out that there were three things that make us more prosperous, in a general sort of way: freedom to…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/p-j-o-rourke/adam-smith-pointed-out-that-there-were-three-things-that-make-us-more/)

[P. J. O'Rourke](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/p-j-o-rourke/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/aeb/p-j-o-rourke-184_adam_adam-smith-pointed-out-that-there-were-t_1710837.png)

> [It always struck me as pretty cool that people who changed the world often knew each other. After reading them separately, hearing…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/joe-lonsdale/it-always-struck-me-as-pretty-cool-that-people-who-changed-the-world/)

[Joe Lonsdale](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/joe-lonsdale/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/93f/joe-lonsdale-6699_cool_it-always-struck-me-as-pretty-cool-that_2113573.jpg)

> [I disagree with the followers of Marx and those of Adam Smith: the reason free markets work is because they allow people…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nassim-nicholas-taleb/i-disagree-with-the-followers-of-marx-and-those-of-adam-smith-the/)

[Nassim Nicholas Taleb](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nassim-nicholas-taleb/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/69a/nassim-nicholas-taleb-352_adam_i-disagree-with-the-followers-of-marx-an_2067851.png)

> [But Adam Smith was a philosopher as well as well as an economist, famous in his time as much for his Theory…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-ormerod/but-adam-smith-was-a-philosopher-as-well-as-well-as-an-economist/)

[Paul Ormerod](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-ormerod/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c5d/paul-ormerod-27778_adam_but-adam-smith-was-a-philosopher-as-well_604245.jpg)

> [Power is concentrated. The general policy is exactly the way that Adam Smith described it: it's designed for the benefit of its…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/noam-chomsky/power-is-concentrated-the-general-policy-is-exactly-the-way-that-adam/)

[Noam Chomsky](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/noam-chomsky/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/cff/noam-chomsky-42_adam_power-is-concentrated-the-general-policy_1286902.jpg)

> [Conservatives may worship Adam Smith's 'invisible hand,' but for Obama, the helping hand comes in large measure from the public, not the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/jeff-greenfield/conservatives-may-worship-adam-smith-s-invisible-hand-but-for-obama/)

[Jeff Greenfield](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/jeff-greenfield/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0d0/jeff-greenfield-12787_adam_conservatives-may-worship-adam-smith-s-i_2697734.jpg)

> [Adam Smith was not a big fan of the pursuit of fame and fortune. His view of what we truly want, of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/russ-roberts/adam-smith-was-not-a-big-fan-of-the-pursuit-of-fame-and-fortune-his/)

[Russ Roberts](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/russ-roberts/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/933/russ-roberts-53225_adam_adam-smith-was-not-a-big-fan-of-the-purs_2927110.jpg)

> [“A man must always live by his work, and his wages must at least be sufficient to maintain him. They must even…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/bruce-watson/a-man-must-always-live-by-his-work-and-his-wages-must-at-least-be/)

[Bruce Watson](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/bruce-watson/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2ee/bruce-watson-37958_family_a-man-must-always-live-by-his-work-and-h_35679.jpg)

> [Ask me not, 'Are you rightwing,' but ask me 'Are you a committed believer in individual freedom, the values of the enlightenment?'…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/niall-ferguson/ask-me-not-are-you-rightwing-but-ask-me-are-you-a-committed-believer/)

[Niall Ferguson](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/niall-ferguson/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/abe/niall-ferguson-3627_adam_ask-me-not-are-you-rightwing-but-ask-me_156300.jpg)

> [A few months ago people were talking about seeing the light at the end of the tunnel. Now the only hope is…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/jeffrey-garten/a-few-months-ago-people-were-talking-about-seeing-the-light-at-the/)

[Jeffrey Garten](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/jeffrey-garten/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/1d8/jeffrey-garten-247064_ability_a-few-months-ago-people-were-talking-abo_1561559.jpg)

> [“As Adam Smith argued more than two centuries ago, when individuals freely pursue their own self-interests—presumably, even their most trivial desires—the aggregate…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/paul-roberts/as-adam-smith-argued-more-than-two-centuries-ago-when-individuals/)

[Paul Roberts](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/paul-roberts/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/360/paul-roberts-90949_economics_as-adam-smith-argued-more-than-two-centu_3031931.jpg)

> [Adam Smith was not the proponent of any one class. He was a slave to his system. His whole economic philosophy stemmed…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/robert-heilbroner/adam-smith-was-not-the-proponent-of-any-one-class-he-was-a-slave-to/)

[Robert Heilbroner](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/robert-heilbroner/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/66a/robert-heilbroner-17245_ability_adam-smith-was-not-the-proponent-of-any_2875750.jpg)

> [“Which would have advanced the most at the end of a month—the boy who had made his own jackknife from the ore…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/henry-david-thoreau/which-would-have-advanced-the-most-at-the-end-of-a-month-the-boy-who/)

[Henry David Thoreau](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/henry-david-thoreau/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a26/henry-david-thoreau-20_philosophy_which-would-have-advanced-the-most-at-th_3216108.jpg)

> [“It was the task of industrial society to destroy all of that. All that "community" implies -- self-sufficiency, mutual aid, morality in…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/kirkpatrick-sale/it-was-the-task-of-industrial-society-to-destroy-all-of-that-all-that/)

[Kirkpatrick Sale](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/kirkpatrick-sale/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9e7/kirkpatrick-sale-34363_computers_it-was-the-task-of-industrial-society-to_1699521.jpg)

> [“The strategy for the discoverers and entrepreneurs is to rely less on top-down planning and focus on maximum tinkering and recognizing opportunities…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nassim-nicholas-taleb/the-strategy-for-the-discoverers-and-entrepreneurs-is-to-rely-less-on/)

[Nassim Nicholas Taleb](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nassim-nicholas-taleb/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/32c/nassim-nicholas-taleb-352_black-swan_the-strategy-for-the-discoverers-and-ent_1268622.jpg)

> [Market forces have no intrinsically moral direction, which is why, before he wrote The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith wrote The Theory…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/arianna-huffington/market-forces-have-no-intrinsically-moral-direction-which-is-why/)

[Arianna Huffington](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/arianna-huffington/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/418/arianna-huffington-1005_adam_market-forces-have-no-intrinsically-mora_1217908.jpg)

> [“If you actually read The Wealth of Nations, you’d know that’s what capitalism is all about. Competition on a level playing field.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/irving-belateche/if-you-actually-read-the-wealth-of-nations-you-d-know-that-s-what/)

[Irving Belateche](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/irving-belateche/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/6d6/irving-belateche-128172_economics_if-you-actually-read-the-wealth-of-natio_1281309.jpg)

> [Adam Smith is an egalitarian, he believed in equality of outcome, not opportunity. He is an enlightenment figure, pre-capitalist. He says, suppose…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/noam-chomsky/adam-smith-is-an-egalitarian-he-believed-in-equality-of-outcome-not/)

[Noam Chomsky](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/noam-chomsky/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f74/noam-chomsky-42_adam_adam-smith-is-an-egalitarian-he-believed_1051815.jpg)

> [“For Burke, almost everything that makes life worthwhile is a result of society, its inherited codes, knowledge, and institutions. These goods are…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/jerry-z-muller/for-burke-almost-everything-that-makes-life-worthwhile-is-a-result-of/)

[Jerry Z. Muller](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/jerry-z-muller/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b6e/jerry-z-muller-32795_institutions_for-burke-almost-everything-that-makes-l_2171704.jpg)

> [The first and probably most fundamental aspect of this crisis is that we are now close to the commodification of everything. That…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/immanuel-wallerstein/the-first-and-probably-most-fundamental-aspect-of-this-crisis-is-that/)

[Immanuel Wallerstein](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/immanuel-wallerstein/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e12/immanuel-wallerstein-11305_accumulation_the-first-and-probably-most-fundamental_2299528.jpg)

> [“Well, our economic system "works," it just works in the interests of the masters, and I'd like to see one that works…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/noam-chomsky/well-our-economic-system-works-it-just-works-in-the-interests-of-the/)

[Noam Chomsky](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/noam-chomsky/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/cdb/noam-chomsky-42_economic-system_well-our-economic-system-works-it-just-w_1037914.jpg)

> [“In the eighteenth century, the Scottish Enlightenment focused attention on Glasgow and Edinburgh as centres of intellectual activity. The Scottish Enlightenment was…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/ronald-carter/in-the-eighteenth-century-the-scottish-enlightenment-focused/)

[Ronald Carter](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/ronald-carter/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/991/ronald-carter-13636_cause-and-effect_in-the-eighteenth-century-the-scottish-e_1605071.jpg)

> [“In America, too, the reality behind the words of the Declaration of Independence (issued in the same year as Adam Smith’s capitalist…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/howard-zinn/in-america-too-the-reality-behind-the-words-of-the-declaration-of/)

[Howard Zinn](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/howard-zinn/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/dd8/howard-zinn-576_freedom_in-america-too-the-reality-behind-the-wo_208017.jpg)

> [“How long will the Gilgamesh Project – the quest for immortality – take to complete? A hundred years? Five hundred years? A…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/yuval-noah-harari/how-long-will-the-gilgamesh-project-the-quest-for-immortality-take-to-2/)

[Yuval Noah Harari](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/yuval-noah-harari/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/169/yuval-noah-harari-100_adventure_how-long-will-the-gilgamesh-project-the_2823178.jpg)

> [“Survival of the fittest" in the commonly used animal sense is not a theory or principle for a "time-binding" being. This theory…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/alfred-korzybski/survival-of-the-fittest-in-the-commonly-used-animal-sense-is-not-a/)

[Alfred Korzybski](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/alfred-korzybski/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2ad/alfred-korzybski-8234_greed_survival-of-the-fittest-in-the-commonly_2100267.jpg)

> [“Ideally, a fair and equitable society would regulate debt in line with the ability to be paid without pushing economies into depression.…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/michael-hudson/ideally-a-fair-and-equitable-society-would-regulate-debt-in-line-with/)

[Michael Hudson](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/michael-hudson/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/0e3/michael-hudson-2134_economics_ideally-a-fair-and-equitable-society-wou_1014927.jpg)

> [“Most people in the Great Britain of (Adam) Smith's day lived in what most of us would regard as poverty. Hundreds of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/jerry-z-muller/most-people-in-the-great-britain-of-adam-smith-s-day-lived-in-what/)

[Jerry Z. Muller](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/jerry-z-muller/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/dae/jerry-z-muller-32795_men-and-women_most-people-in-the-great-britain-of-adam_1501549.jpg)

> [“Back in Ancient Greece when Xenophon first posed the economic question, ‘How should a household best manage its resources?’ he was literally…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/kate-raworth/back-in-ancient-greece-when-xenophon-first-posed-the-economic/)

[Kate Raworth](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/kate-raworth/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3bb/kate-raworth-54838_ancient-greece_back-in-ancient-greece-when-xenophon-fir_910943.jpg)

## Top authors on Adam Smith

- [ ![](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b018/author-milton-friedman-68333.jpg) Milton Friedman 6 quotes ](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/adam-smith/milton-friedman/)
- [ ![](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/wp-content/uploads/sms4s/authors/processed/b018/author-noam-chomsky-71799.jpg) Noam Chomsky 5 quotes ](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/about/adam-smith/noam-chomsky/)

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                        "text": "It is not for nothing that Skaldin in one part of his book quotes Adam Smith: we have seen that both his views and the character of his arguments in many respects repeat the theses of that great ideologist of the progressive bourgeoisie.",
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                        "text": "Adam Smith is misread as being amoral precisely because people don't read his first book, because they don't read 'The Theory of Moral Sentiments.'",
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                        "text": "When Adam Smith was being incomprehensible, he didn't have the luxury of brief, snappy technical terms as a shorthand for incoherence.",
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                        "text": "It was the mystical dogma of Bentham and Adam Smith and the rest, that some of the worst of human passions would turn out to be all for the best. It was the mysterious doctrine that selfishness would do the work of unselfishness.",
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                        "text": "Adam Smith pointed out that there were three things that make us more prosperous, in a general sort of way: freedom to pursue our own self-interest; specialization, which he called division of labor; and freedom of trade.",
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                        "text": "It always struck me as pretty cool that people who changed the world often knew each other. After reading them separately, hearing that David Hume and Adam Smith were friends made sense.",
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                        "text": "Power is concentrated. The general policy is exactly the way that Adam Smith described it: it's designed for the benefit of its principal architects, the powerful. It serves \"the vile maxim of the masters: all for ourselves and nothing for anyone else\". Those are the basic rules of the world.",
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                        "text": "Conservatives may worship Adam Smith's 'invisible hand,' but for Obama, the helping hand comes in large measure from the public, not the private sector. To call this 'socialism' is to do violence to the word and to the concept. To call it 'un-American' is a smear.",
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                        "text": "Adam Smith was not a big fan of the pursuit of fame and fortune. His view of what we truly want, of what really makes us happy, cuts to the core of things. It takes him only twelve words to get to the heart of the matter: Man naturally desires, not only to be loved, but to be lovely.",
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                        "text": "“A man must always live by his work, and his wages must at least be sufficient to maintain him. They must even upon most occasions be more; otherwise it would be impossible for him to bring up a family, and the race of such workmen could not last beyond the first generation. —Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations1”",
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                        "text": "Ask me not, 'Are you rightwing,' but ask me 'Are you a committed believer in individual freedom, the values of the enlightenment?' Then, yeah, if being rightwing means believing Adam Smith was right, both in the 'Wealth of Nations' and the 'Theory of Moral Sentiments,' then I'm rightwing.",
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                        "text": "A few months ago people were talking about seeing the light at the end of the tunnel. Now the only hope is keeping the world economy from total deterioration. And you get a sense that it is all now truly left to Adam Smith's invisible hand--it's beyond any country's ability, and institution's ability to control.",
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                        "text": "“As Adam Smith argued more than two centuries ago, when individuals freely pursue their own self-interests—presumably, even their most trivial desires—the aggregate effect is an economy that most efficiently and naturally delivers the most benefits to the greatest majority.”",
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                        "@type": "Quotation",
                        "text": "Adam Smith was not the proponent of any one class. He was a slave to his system. His whole economic philosophy stemmed from his unquestioning faith in the ability of the market to guide the system to its point of highest return. The market-that wonderful social machine-would take care of society's needs if it was left alone. Don't try to do good, says Smith. Let good emerge as the by-product of selfishness.",
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                            "@type": "Person",
                            "name": "Robert Heilbroner"
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                            "caption": "“Adam Smith was not the proponent of any one class. He was a slave to his system. His whole economic…” — Robert Heilbroner",
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                        "@type": "Quotation",
                        "text": "“Which would have advanced the most at the end of a month—the boy who had made his own jackknife from the ore which he had dug and smelted, reading as much as would be necessary for this—or the boy who had attended the lectures on metallurgy at the Institute in the meanwhile, and had received a Rodgers' penknife from his father? Which would be most likely to cut his fingers?... To my astonishment I was informed on leaving college that I had studied navigation!—why, if I had taken one turn down the harbor I should have known more about it. Even the poor student studies and is taught only political economy, while that economy of living which is synonymous with philosophy is not even sincerely professed in our colleges. The consequence is, that while he is reading Adam Smith, Ricardo, and Say, he runs his father in debt irretrievably.”",
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                            "@type": "Person",
                            "name": "Henry David Thoreau"
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                            "caption": "“Which would have advanced the most at the end of a month—the boy who had made his own jackknife from the ore…” — Henry David Thoreau",
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                        "text": "“It was the task of industrial society to destroy all of that. All that \"community\" implies -- self-sufficiency, mutual aid, morality in the marketplace, stubborn tradition, regulation by custom, organic knowledge instead of mechanistic science -- had to be steadily and systematically disrupted and displaced. All of the practices that kept the individual from being a consumer had to be done away with so that the cogs and wheels of an unfettered machine called \"the economy\" could operate without interference, influenced merely by invisible hands and inevitable balances and all the rest of that benevolent free-market system guided by what Cobbett called, his lip curled toward Hume and James Steuart and Adam Smith, \"Scotch Feelosophy.”",
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                            "name": "Kirkpatrick Sale"
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                        "text": "“The strategy for the discoverers and entrepreneurs is to rely less on top-down planning and focus on maximum tinkering and recognizing opportunities when they present themselves. So I disagree with the followers of Marx and those of Adam Smith: the reason free markets work is because they allow people to be lucky, thanks to aggressive trial and error, not by giving rewards or “incentives” for skill. The strategy is, then, to tinker as much as possible and try to collect as many Black Swan opportunities as you can.”",
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                            "name": "Nassim Nicholas Taleb"
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                            "caption": "“The strategy for the discoverers and entrepreneurs is to rely less on top-down planning and focus on maximum…” — Nassim Nicholas Taleb",
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                        "text": "Market forces have no intrinsically moral direction, which is why, before he wrote The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith wrote The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Ethics should precede economics. But it doesn't have to. . . . We know this because we've seen the results of capitalism without conscience: the pollution of the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat; the endangerment of workers; and the sale of dangerous products - from cars to toys to drugs. All in pursuit of ever-greater profits.",
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                            "@type": "Person",
                            "name": "Arianna Huffington"
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                            "caption": "“Market forces have no intrinsically moral direction, which is why, before he wrote The Wealth of Nations…” — Arianna Huffington",
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                        "text": "“If you actually read The Wealth of Nations, you’d know that’s what capitalism is all about. Competition on a level playing field. Not one megacorporation crushing the competition.” “So how do you stop the megacorporation?” “That’s what government is for.” “Good luck with that. You’ve got a big chunk of the country trained to think that government is bad. They have no idea that Adam Smith meant for government to intercede.” “That’s because of those megacorporations—the ones your generation let get out of hand. They’ve brainwashed people into hating the government.” “Can’t argue with that.” I basically agreed with his assessment of capitalism, that it had gone off the rails, and I was proud that he could articulate his point of view. “Good,” he said. “Now that we’ve got that squared away, exactly what are you doing for your new corporate overlord?” The good times had ended,”",
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                        "text": "Adam Smith is an egalitarian, he believed in equality of outcome, not opportunity. He is an enlightenment figure, pre-capitalist. He says, suppose in England, one landowner got most of the land and other people would have nothing to live on. He says it wouldn't matter much, because the rich land owner, by virtue of his sympathy for other people would distribute resources among them, so that by an invisible hand, we would end up with a pretty egalitarian society. That is his conception of human nature.",
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                        "text": "“For Burke, almost everything that makes life worthwhile is a result of society, its inherited codes, knowledge, and institutions. These goods are fragile, and when they are destroyed, the result is human misery… Among the greatest of man's needs, according to Burke, was the need for society and government to provide \"a sufficient restraint upon their passions.\" As far back as his Vindication of Natural Society , Burke had argued that the destruction of inherited institutions and cultural practices would result not in natural harmony, but in barbarism. For Burke, as for Adam Smith, man is preeminently social man who realizes himself morally only under the tutelage of society. (p. 131)”",
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                        "text": "The first and probably most fundamental aspect of this crisis is that we are now close to the commodification of everything. That is, historical capitalism is in crisis precisely because, in pursuing the endless accumulation of capital, it is beginning to approximate that state of being Adam Smith asserted was 'natural' to man but which has never historically existed. The 'propensity [of humanity] to truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another' has entered into domains and zones previously untouched, and the pressure to expand commodification is relatively unchecked.",
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                            "name": "Immanuel Wallerstein"
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                            "caption": "“The first and probably most fundamental aspect of this crisis is that we are now close to the…” — Immanuel Wallerstein",
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                        "text": "“Well, our economic system \"works,\" it just works in the interests of the masters, and I'd like to see one that works in the interests of the general population. And that will only happen when they are the \"principal architects\" of policy, to borrow Adam Smith's phrase. I mean, as long as power is narrowly concentrated, whether in the economic or the political system, you know who's going to benefit from the policies―you don't have to be a genius to figure that out. That's why democracy would be a good thing for the general public. But of course, achieving real democracy will require that the whole system of corporate capitalism be completely dismantled―because it's radically anti-democratic. And that can't be done by a stroke of the pen, you know: you have to build up alternative popular institutions, which could allow control over society's investment decisions to be moved into the hands of working people and communities. That's a long job, it requires building up an entire cultural and institutional basis for the changes, it's not something that's just going to happen on its own. There are people who have written about what such a system might look like―kind of a \"participatory economy,\" it's sometimes called. But sure, that's the way to go, I think.”",
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                        "text": "“In the eighteenth century, the Scottish Enlightenment focused attention on Glasgow and Edinburgh as centres of intellectual activity. The Scottish Enlightenment was an intellectual movement which originated in Glasgow in the early eighteenth century, and flourished in Edinburgh in the second half of the century. Its thinking was based on philosophical enquiry and its practical applications for the benefit of society ('improvement' was a favoured term). The Enlightenment encompassed literature, philosophy, science, education, and even geology. One of its lasting results was the founding of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1768-71). The effects of the Scottish Enlightenment, especially in the second half of the century, were far-reaching in Britain and Europe. The philosophical trends ranged from the 'common-sense' approach of Thomas Reid to the immensely influential works of David Hume, notably his Treatise of Human Nature, published in 1739. Here, his arguments on God, and the cause and effect of man's relationship with God, are far ahead of their time in the philosophical debate in Britain: … ... Adam Smith's book The Wealth of Nations (1776) was probably the most important work on economics of the century, revolutionising concepts of trade and prophesying the growing importance of America as 'one of the foremost nations of the world'. By a remarkable coincidence, the book was published in the very same year as the American Declaration of Independence.”",
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                            "name": "Ronald Carter"
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                        "text": "“In America, too, the reality behind the words of the Declaration of Independence (issued in the same year as Adam Smith’s capitalist manifesto, The Wealth of Nations) was that a rising class of important people needed to enlist on their side enough Americans to defeat England, without disturbing too much the relations of wealth and power that had developed over 150 years of colonial history. Indeed, 69 percent of the signers of the Declaration of Independence had held colonial office under England. When the Declaration of Independence was read, with all its flaming radical language, from the town hall balcony in Boston, it was read by Thomas Crafts, a member of the Loyal Nine group, conservatives who had opposed militant action against the British. Four days after the reading, the Boston Committee of Correspondence ordered the townsmen to show up on the Common for a military draft. The rich, it turned out, could avoid the draft by paying for substitutes; the poor had to serve. This led to rioting, and shouting: “Tyranny is Tyranny let it come from whom it may.”",
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                        "text": "“How long will the Gilgamesh Project – the quest for immortality – take to complete? A hundred years? Five hundred years? A thousand years? When we recall how little we knew about the human body in 1900, and how much knowledge we have gained in a single century, there is cause for optimism. Genetic engineers have recently managed to double the average life expectancy of Caenorhabditis elegans worms.12 Could they do the same for Homo sapiens? Nanotechnology experts are developing a bionic immune system composed of millions of nano-robots, who would inhabit our bodies, open blocked blood vessels, fight viruses and bacteria, eliminate cancerous cells and even reverse ageing processes.13 A few serious scholars suggest that by 2050, some humans will become a-mortal (not immortal, because they could still die of some accident, but a-mortal, meaning that in the absence of fatal trauma their lives could be extended indefinitely). Whether or not Project Gilgamesh succeeds, from a historical perspective it is fascinating to see that most late-modern religions and ideologies have already taken death and the afterlife out of the equation. Until the eighteenth century, religions considered death and its aftermath central to the meaning of life. Beginning in the eighteenth century, religions and ideologies such as liberalism, socialism and feminism lost all interest in the afterlife. What, exactly, happens to a Communist after he or she dies? What happens to a capitalist? What happens to a feminist? It is pointless to look for the answer in the writings of Marx, Adam Smith or Simone de Beauvoir. The only modern ideology that still awards death a central role is nationalism. In its more poetic and desperate moments, nationalism promises that whoever dies for the nation will for ever live in its collective memory. Yet this promise is so fuzzy that even most nationalists do not really know what to make of it. The”",
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                            "name": "Yuval Noah Harari"
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                            "caption": "“How long will the Gilgamesh Project – the quest for immortality – take to complete? A hundred years? Five…” — Yuval Noah Harari",
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                        "text": "“Survival of the fittest\" in the commonly used animal sense is not a theory or principle for a \"time-binding\" being. This theory is only for the physical bodies of animals; its effect upon humanity is sinister and degrading. We see the principle at work all about us in criminal exploitation and profiteering. As a matter of fact, the ages-long application of this animal principle to human affairs has degraded the whole human morale in an inconceivably far-reaching way. Personal greed and selfishness are brazenly owned as principles of conduct. We shrug our shoulders in acquiescence and proclaim greed and selfishness to be the very core of human nature, take it all for granted, and let it pass at that. We have gone so far in our degradation that the prophet of capitalistic principles, Adam Smith, in his famous Wealth of Nations, arrives at the laws of wealth, not from the phenomena of wealth nor from statistical statements, but from the phenomena of selfishness-a fact which shows how far-reaching in its dire influence upon all humanity is the theory that human beings are \"animals.\" Of course the effect is very disastrous. The preceding chapters have shown that the theory is false; it is false, not only because of its unhappy effects, but it belies the characteristic nature of man. Human nature, this time-binding power, not only has the peculiar capacity for perpetual progress, but it has, over and above all animal propensities, certain qualities constituting it a distinctive dimension or type of life. Not only our whole collective life proves a love for higher ideals, but even our dead give us the rich heritage, material and spiritual, of all their toils. There is nothing mystical about it; to call SUCH a class a naturally selfish class is not only nonsensical but monstrous.”",
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                            "@type": "Person",
                            "name": "Alfred Korzybski"
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                            "caption": "“Survival of the fittest\" in the commonly used animal sense is not a theory or principle for a \"time-binding\"…” — Alfred Korzybski",
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                        "text": "“Ideally, a fair and equitable society would regulate debt in line with the ability to be paid without pushing economies into depression. But when shrinking markets deepen fiscal deficits, creditors demand that governments balance their budgets by selling public monopolies. Once the land, water and mineral rights are privatized, along with transportation, communications, lotteries and other monopolies, the next aim is to block governments from regulating their prices or taxing financial and rentier wealth. The neo-rentier objective is threefold: to reduce economies to debt dependency, to transfer public utilities into creditor hands, and then to create a rent-extracting tollbooth economy. The financial objective is to block governments from writing down debts when bankers and bondholders over-lend. Taken together, these policies create a one-sided freedom for rentiers to create a travesty of the classical “Adam Smith” view of free markets. It is a freedom to reduce the indebted majority to a state of deepening dependency, and to gain wealth by stripping public assets built up over the centuries.”",
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                        "text": "“Most people in the Great Britain of (Adam) Smith's day lived in what most of us would regard as poverty. Hundreds of thousands were willing to risk the possibility of death in transit and years in indentured servitude for the chance to escape to the New World. Yet the population of Britain was probably better off economically than that of any major nation on the globe. To put relative poverty and wealth in perspective, let us take the standards of apparel considered necessary by ordinary day laborers, the lowest of the working poor, as recounted in The Wealth of Nations . In England, Smith reports, the poorest day laborer of either sex would be ashamed to appear in public without leather shoes. In Scotland, a rung lower on the ladder of national wealth, it was considered inappropriate for men of this class to appear without shoes, but not for women. In France, a rung rower still, custom held that both men and women laborers could appear shoeless in public. Below France there were many rungs in Europe. And below Europe there were many more rungs still. (p. 56)”",
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                        "text": "“Back in Ancient Greece when Xenophon first posed the economic question, ‘How should a household best manage its resources?’ he was literally thinking about a single household. Towards the end of his life he turned his attention to the next level up, the economics of the city state, and proposed a set of trade, tax and public investment policies for his home town of Athens. Jump forward almost two thousand years to Scotland, where Adam Smith decisively raised the focus of economics to the next level up again, the nation state, asking why some nations’ economies thrived while others stagnated. Smith’s nation-state economic lens has gripped policy attention for over two hundred and fifty years, and is entrenched by those yearly statistical comparisons of national GDP. But now faced with a globally connected economy, it is time for this generation of thinkers to take the inevitable next step. Ours is the era of the planetary household – and the art of household management is needed more than ever for our common home. Can”",
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