---
title: "Best Abstract Proverbs"
description: "Browse 1,403 Abstract quotes by 1,054 authors. Discover the best Abstract sayings and thoughts."
image: "https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2f4/jenny-holzer-3328_abstract_i-wanted-to-be-an-abstract-painter-but-i_592390.png"
---

> [I wanted to be an abstract painter, but I was rotten at it.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/jenny-holzer/i-wanted-to-be-an-abstract-painter-but-i-was-rotten-at-it/)

[Jenny Holzer](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/jenny-holzer/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2f4/jenny-holzer-3328_abstract_i-wanted-to-be-an-abstract-painter-but-i_592390.png)

> [Film is abstract, not definite. It is a dream.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/jacques-audiard/film-is-abstract-not-definite-it-is-a-dream/)

[Jacques Audiard](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/jacques-audiard/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f92/jacques-audiard-21764_abstract_film-is-abstract-not-definite-it-is-a-dr_2811377.jpg)

> [Theater is far superior to film in poetry, in abstract poetry.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/julie-taymor/theater-is-far-superior-to-film-in-poetry-in-abstract-poetry/)

[Julie Taymor](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/julie-taymor/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7eb/julie-taymor-9454_abstract_theater-is-far-superior-to-film-in-poetr_477300.jpg)

> [“The most abstract truth is the most practical.”](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/ralph-waldo-emerson/the-most-abstract-truth-is-the-most-practical/)

[Ralph Waldo Emerson](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/ralph-waldo-emerson/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a2b/ralph-waldo-emerson-6_abstract_the-most-abstract-truth-is-the-most-prac_292966.png)

> [The idea of abstract power only exists for academics, not in real life.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/henry-a-kissinger/the-idea-of-abstract-power-only-exists-for-academics-not-in-real-life/)

[Henry A. Kissinger](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/henry-a-kissinger/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b46/henry-a-kissinger-1068_abstract_the-idea-of-abstract-power-only-exists-f_1289529.jpg)

> [Abstract art is a fundamental distrust of the theory of reality concocted by the eyes.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/robert-breault/abstract-art-is-a-fundamental-distrust-of-the-theory-of-reality/)

[Robert Breault](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/robert-breault/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ace/robert-breault-304_abstract_abstract-art-is-a-fundamental-distrust-o_351087.png)

> [Abstract qualities begin With capitals alway: The True, the Good, the Beautiful- Those are the things that pay!](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/lewis-carroll/abstract-qualities-begin-with-capitals-alway-the-true-the-good-the/)

[Lewis Carroll](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/lewis-carroll/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c5b/lewis-carroll-324_abstract_abstract-qualities-begin-with-capitals-a_2557122.jpg)

> [We speak of concrete and not abstract painting because nothing is more concrete, more real than a line, a color, a surface.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/theo-van-doesburg/we-speak-of-concrete-and-not-abstract-painting-because-nothing-is/)

[Theo van Doesburg](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/theo-van-doesburg/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/bb3/theo-van-doesburg-31918_abstract_we-speak-of-concrete-and-not-abstract-pa_180062.jpg)

> [When she was fifteen if you'd told her that when she was twenty she'd be going to bed with bald-headed men and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/anonymous/when-she-was-fifteen-if-you-d-told-her-that-when-she-was-twenty-she-d/)

[Anonymous](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/anonymous/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/f27/anonymous-1_abstract_when-she-was-fifteen-if-you-d-told-her-t_449035.jpg)

> [Abstract anger is great for rhetorical carrying on. You can go on endlessly about the post office, but it doesn't mean you're…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/p-j-o-rourke/abstract-anger-is-great-for-rhetorical-carrying-on-you-can-go-on/)

[P. J. O'Rourke](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/p-j-o-rourke/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/71f/p-j-o-rourke-184_abstract_abstract-anger-is-great-for-rhetorical-c_224804.png)

> [We are not talking about a new cognition in relation to abstract art, rather a new area of cognition...](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/asger-jorn/we-are-not-talking-about-a-new-cognition-in-relation-to-abstract-art/)

[Asger Jorn](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/asger-jorn/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/4cc/asger-jorn-16504_abstract_we-are-not-talking-about-a-new-cognition_291488.png)

> [I get satisfaction out of seeing stuff that makes real change in the real world. We need a lot more of that…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/temple-grandin/i-get-satisfaction-out-of-seeing-stuff-that-makes-real-change-in-the/)

[Temple Grandin](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/temple-grandin/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b22/temple-grandin-1219_abstract_i-get-satisfaction-out-of-seeing-stuff-t_2562236.png)

> [Abstraction is itself an abstract word and has no single meaning ... Every word in our language is abstract, because it represents…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-maisel/abstraction-is-itself-an-abstract-word-and-has-no-single-meaning/)

[Eric Maisel](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-maisel/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/3ca/eric-maisel-3062_abstract_abstraction-is-itself-an-abstract-word-a_1555185.jpg)

> [Not but wut abstract war is horrid, I sign to thet with all my heart, But civilysation doos git forrid Sometimes, upon…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/james-russell-lowell/not-but-wut-abstract-war-is-horrid-i-sign-to-thet-with-all-my-heart/)

[James Russell Lowell](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/james-russell-lowell/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/b92/james-russell-lowell-561_abstract_not-but-wut-abstract-war-is-horrid-i-sig_2223066.png)

> [I love lyrics. I've always been averse to the straight lyric idea. I guess a big part of it is, that songs…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/ian-svenonius/i-love-lyrics-i-ve-always-been-averse-to-the-straight-lyric-idea-i/)

[Ian Svenonius](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/ian-svenonius/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/89c/ian-svenonius-36592_abstract_i-love-lyrics-i-ve-always-been-averse-to_2283867.jpg)

> [I was literally told for 'The Show Goes On' that I shouldn't rap too deep. I shouldn't be too lyrical. It just…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/lupe-fiasco/i-was-literally-told-for-the-show-goes-on-that-i-shouldn-t-rap-too/)

[Lupe Fiasco](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/lupe-fiasco/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/58e/lupe-fiasco-1146_abstract_i-was-literally-told-for-the-show-goes-o_1265847.png)

> [Music is at once the most wonderful, the most alive of all the arts- it is the most abstract, the most perfect,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/susan-sontag/music-is-at-once-the-most-wonderful-the-most-alive-of-all-the-arts-it/)

[Susan Sontag](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/susan-sontag/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e19/susan-sontag-332_abstract_music-is-at-once-the-most-wonderful-the_2052295.jpg)

> [Friendship's an abstract of this noble flame, 'Tis love refin'd, and purged from all its dross, 'Tis next to angel's love, if…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/katherine-philips/friendship-s-an-abstract-of-this-noble-flame-tis-love-refin-d-and/)

[Katherine Philips](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/katherine-philips/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/309/katherine-philips-87503_abstract_friendship-s-an-abstract-of-this-noble-f_2656056.jpg)

> [After being an Impressionist, Cubist, and an Abstract Expressionist, I was influenced by realistic artists, including Andrew Wyeth in the late '50s,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/robert-bateman/after-being-an-impressionist-cubist-and-an-abstract-expressionist-i/)

[Robert Bateman](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/robert-bateman/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/c25/robert-bateman-23821_abstract_after-being-an-impressionist-cubist-and_2676183.jpg)

> [The two have to go hand in hand - the atmosphere and the music. I actually get rather worried if I can't…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/alison-goldfrapp/the-two-have-to-go-hand-in-hand-the-atmosphere-and-the-music-i/)

[Alison Goldfrapp](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/alison-goldfrapp/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/245/alison-goldfrapp-16257_abstract_the-two-have-to-go-hand-in-hand-the-atmo_787029.jpg)

> [We're not good at noticing slow, steady changes in our environments, our senses are not very acute compared to those of many…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/dale-jamieson/we-re-not-good-at-noticing-slow-steady-changes-in-our-environments/)

[Dale Jamieson](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/dale-jamieson/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/51f/dale-jamieson-4075_abstract_we-re-not-good-at-noticing-slow-steady-c_392825.jpg)

> [I do not believe that there was ever a question of being abstract or representational. It is really a matter of ending…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/mark-rothko/i-do-not-believe-that-there-was-ever-a-question-of-being-abstract-or/)

[Mark Rothko](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/mark-rothko/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/a81/mark-rothko-11292_abstract_i-do-not-believe-that-there-was-ever-a-q_575145.jpg)

> [The overscaled compositions being produced by so many abstract painters, which are full of movement and use of color, are ideal example,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/van-day-truex/the-overscaled-compositions-being-produced-by-so-many-abstract/)

[Van Day Truex](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/van-day-truex/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/5f0/van-day-truex-27054_abstract_the-overscaled-compositions-being-produc_1241659.jpg)

> [Well, good science fiction is intelligent. It asks big questions that are on people's minds. It's not impossible. It has some sort…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nicolas-cage/well-good-science-fiction-is-intelligent-it-asks-big-questions-that/)

[Nicolas Cage](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nicolas-cage/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/5a4/nicolas-cage-1199_abstract_well-good-science-fiction-is-intelligent_1299346.jpg)

> [I shall never forget what I saw at the Museum of Modern Art: in a spotless schoolroom, fifty little girls painting away…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/jean-cocteau/i-shall-never-forget-what-i-saw-at-the-museum-of-modern-art-in-a/)

[Jean Cocteau](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/jean-cocteau/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/ab3/jean-cocteau-1181_abstract_i-shall-never-forget-what-i-saw-at-the-m_299822.jpg)

> [I've worked in the factories of this land, and I've thought freely and creatively. And I think that that has greatly enriched…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/murray-bookchin/i-ve-worked-in-the-factories-of-this-land-and-i-ve-thought-freely-and/)

[Murray Bookchin](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/murray-bookchin/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/2cb/murray-bookchin-2587_abstract_i-ve-worked-in-the-factories-of-this-lan_2689598.jpg)

> [The bourgeoisie, which far surpasses the proletariat in the completeness and irreconcilibility of its class consciousness, is vitally interested in imposing its…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/leon-trotsky/the-bourgeoisie-which-far-surpasses-the-proletariat-in-the/)

[Leon Trotsky](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/leon-trotsky/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9b6/leon-trotsky-2558_abstract_the-bourgeoisie-which-far-surpasses-the_1391900.jpg)

> [Good writing, and this is especially important in a subject such as economics, must also involve the reader in the matter at…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/john-kenneth-galbraith/good-writing-and-this-is-especially-important-in-a-subject-such-as/)

[John Kenneth Galbraith](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/john-kenneth-galbraith/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/881/john-kenneth-galbraith-643_ability_good-writing-and-this-is-especially-impo_3029137.png)

> [It is rational to choose the right means to your ends to develop very elegant abstract formal theories of rational choice, and…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/allen-w-wood/it-is-rational-to-choose-the-right-means-to-your-ends-to-develop-very/)

[Allen W. Wood](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/allen-w-wood/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e44/allen-w-wood-2748_abstract_it-is-rational-to-choose-the-right-means_112358.jpg)

> [“These estimates may well be enhanced by one from F. Klein (1849-1925), the leading German mathematician of the last quarter of the…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/eric-temple-bell/these-estimates-may-well-be-enhanced-by-one-from-f-klein-1849-1925/)

[Eric Temple Bell](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/eric-temple-bell/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/23f/eric-temple-bell-26465_abstract_these-estimates-may-well-be-enhanced-by_2764490.jpg)

> [There is no branch of mathematics, however abstract, which may not some day be applied to phenomena of the real world.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/nikolai-lobachevsky/there-is-no-branch-of-mathematics-however-abstract-which-may-not-some/)

[Nikolai Lobachevsky](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/nikolai-lobachevsky/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/d88/nikolai-lobachevsky-99020_abstract_there-is-no-branch-of-mathematics-howeve_1274341.png)

> [The movement of abstract art... bears within itself at almost every point the mark of the changing material and psychological conditions surrounding…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/meyer-schapiro/the-movement-of-abstract-art-bears-within-itself-at-almost-every/)

[Meyer Schapiro](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/meyer-schapiro/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/e93/meyer-schapiro-86026_abstract_the-movement-of-abstract-art-bears-withi_2327873.jpg)

> [I always say that writing non-fiction versus writing fiction is a bit like architecture versus abstract painting.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/andrew-lam/i-always-say-that-writing-non-fiction-versus-writing-fiction-is-a-bit/)

[Andrew Lam](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/andrew-lam/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/07d/andrew-lam-21834_abstract_i-always-say-that-writing-non-fiction-ve_2968278.jpg)

> [Imagination, that dost so abstract us That we are not aware, not even when A thousand trumpets sound about our ears!](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/dante-alighieri/imagination-that-dost-so-abstract-us-that-we-are-not-aware-not-even/)

[Dante Alighieri](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/dante-alighieri/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/9d9/dante-alighieri-590_abstract_imagination-that-dost-so-abstract-us-tha_550852.jpg)

> [I think everybody deserves freedom. Freedom is such an abstract word, but it's all we need.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/ai-weiwei/i-think-everybody-deserves-freedom-freedom-is-such-an-abstract-word/)

[Ai Weiwei](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/ai-weiwei/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/4d8/ai-weiwei-824_abstract_i-think-everybody-deserves-freedom-freed_722946.png)

> [In an abstract but real sense, Marxism arose through the breakdown first of religion and then of 'reason' as single sources of…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/bernard-crick/in-an-abstract-but-real-sense-marxism-arose-through-the-breakdown/)

[Bernard Crick](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/bernard-crick/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/7fe/bernard-crick-16886_abstract_in-an-abstract-but-real-sense-marxism-ar_2945090.jpg)

> [The text loses its virginity simply by being staged: it's no longer the abstract ideal version; it's an event.](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/tom-stoppard/the-text-loses-its-virginity-simply-by-being-staged-it-s-no-longer/)

[Tom Stoppard](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/tom-stoppard/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/755/tom-stoppard-437_abstract_the-text-loses-its-virginity-simply-by-b_1148688.png)

> [Abstraction is a mental process we use when trying to discern what is essential or relevant to a problem; it does not…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/tom-g-palmer/abstraction-is-a-mental-process-we-use-when-trying-to-discern-what-is/)

[Tom G. Palmer](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/tom-g-palmer/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/97f/tom-g-palmer-24998_abstract_abstraction-is-a-mental-process-we-use-w_2775843.png)

> [Considerable sacrifices were demanded of the inhabitants of the machine in order that purely abstract formal development... might be carried as far…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/le-corbusier/considerable-sacrifices-were-demanded-of-the-inhabitants-of-the/)

[Le Corbusier](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/le-corbusier/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/527/le-corbusier-13818_abstract_considerable-sacrifices-were-demanded-of_1012964.jpg)

> [In my case, I was stuck there for quite a while. New York is large enough to be a very abstract city,…](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/ai-weiwei/in-my-case-i-was-stuck-there-for-quite-a-while-new-york-is-large/)

[Ai Weiwei](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/author/ai-weiwei/)

[Image](https://sms4smile.com/quotes/i/baa/ai-weiwei-824_abstract_in-my-case-i-was-stuck-there-for-quite-a_1428853.png)

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                        "text": "I love lyrics. I've always been averse to the straight lyric idea. I guess a big part of it is, that songs that are literary always turn me off. Because they feel so abstract. Like a song. What is a song? We have to remember what the function of a concert and the function of playing a song for people are. It's all become really abstracted.",
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                        "text": "I was literally told for 'The Show Goes On' that I shouldn't rap too deep. I shouldn't be too lyrical. It just needs to be something easy on the eyes. Like a record company telling Picasso that we don't need these abstract interpretations of life, where people have to sit down and look at it and break it down.",
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                        "text": "Friendship's an abstract of this noble flame, 'Tis love refin'd, and purged from all its dross, 'Tis next to angel's love, if not the same, As strong in passion is, though not so gross.",
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                        "text": "After being an Impressionist, Cubist, and an Abstract Expressionist, I was influenced by realistic artists, including Andrew Wyeth in the late '50s, and I haven't changed my style since.",
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                        "text": "The two have to go hand in hand - the atmosphere and the music. I actually get rather worried if I can't see the music first. There always needs to be a mood, a feeling, a story, even if it is abstract. There's got to be a narrative to guide things before they're even created.",
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                        "text": "We're not good at noticing slow, steady changes in our environments, our senses are not very acute compared to those of many animals, and we're pretty awful at abstract thought, much less acting on it.",
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                        "text": "I do not believe that there was ever a question of being abstract or representational. It is really a matter of ending this silence and solitude, of breathing, and stretching one's arms again transcendental experiences became possible.",
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                        "text": "The overscaled compositions being produced by so many abstract painters, which are full of movement and use of color, are ideal example, ideal transformations of an entire wall and entire room… There is no denying that one of the major attractions of these successful large compositions is their structural decorative use in the contemporary scene... That these large canvases can be superbly decorative may not be considered complimentary by some of the artists involved...",
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                        "text": "Well, good science fiction is intelligent. It asks big questions that are on people's minds. It's not impossible. It has some sort of root in the abstract. So automatically you're getting closer to potentially divine sources of interest because it is abstract. It's one of the only ways that a film actor can express himself in the abstract and have audiences still go along for the ride. They don't contend it. They accept it, that they're going to go places that are a bit more of the imagination, a bit more out there, and that's more and more where I like to dance.",
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                        "text": "I shall never forget what I saw at the Museum of Modern Art: in a spotless schoolroom, fifty little girls painting away at tables covered with brushes, pots, tubes, bowls, staring into space and sticking out their tongues like the clever animals that ring a bell, tongues lolling and eyes vague. Teachers supervise these young creators of abstract art and slap their wrists if what they paint represents something and dangerously inclines toward realism. The mothers - still at the Picasso stage - are not admitted.",
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                            "caption": "“I shall never forget what I saw at the Museum of Modern Art: in a spotless schoolroom, fifty little girls…” — Jean Cocteau",
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                        "text": "I've worked in the factories of this land, and I've thought freely and creatively. And I think that that has greatly enriched my capacity to abstract intellectually. The experience of being with workers, my encounters with management and my recognition of its foibles, my personal encounters with American industrial efficiency, my military experience - all of these things packaged together have greatly enriched my reading and my understanding, and I've written with what I hope is a reasonable fluency of style that is much more expressive than the academic stuff.",
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                        "text": "The bourgeoisie, which far surpasses the proletariat in the completeness and irreconcilibility of its class consciousness, is vitally interested in imposing its moral philosophy upon the exploited masses. It is exactly for this purpose that the concrete norms of the bourgeois catechism are concealed under moral abstractions...The appeal to abstract norms is not a disinterested philosophic mistake but a necessary element in the mechanics of class deception.",
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                        "text": "Good writing, and this is especially important in a subject such as economics, must also involve the reader in the matter at hand. It is not enough to explain. The images that are in the mind of the writer must be made to reappear in the mind of the reader, and it is the absence of this ability that causes much economic writing to be condemned, quite properly, as abstract.",
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                        "text": "It is rational to choose the right means to your ends to develop very elegant abstract formal theories of rational choice, and then turn these into what look like moral theories. Philosophers tend to be ravished by the formal beauty of such theories, and they don't pay much attention to the fact that our human limitations make them pretty useless in practice, while the simple point about instrumental reasoning is too shallow to be of much real moral interest.",
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                        "text": "“These estimates may well be enhanced by one from F. Klein (1849-1925), the leading German mathematician of the last quarter of the nineteenth century. 'Mathematics in general is fundamentally the science of self-evident things.' ... If mathematics is indeed the science of self-evident things, mathematicians are a phenomenally stupid lot to waste the tons of good paper they do in proving the fact. Mathematics is abstract and it is hard, and any assertion that it is simple is true only in a severely technical sense—that of the modern postulational method which, as a matter of fact, was exploited by Euclid . The assumptions from which mathematics starts are simple; the rest is not.”",
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                            "caption": "“These estimates may well be enhanced by one from F. Klein (1849-1925), the leading German mathematician of…” — Eric Temple Bell",
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                        "text": "There is no branch of mathematics, however abstract, which may not some day be applied to phenomena of the real world.",
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                            "caption": "“There is no branch of mathematics, however abstract, which may not some day be applied to phenomena of the…” — Nikolai Lobachevsky",
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                        "text": "The movement of abstract art... bears within itself at almost every point the mark of the changing material and psychological conditions surrounding modern culture.",
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                            "name": "Meyer Schapiro"
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                        "text": "I always say that writing non-fiction versus writing fiction is a bit like architecture versus abstract painting.",
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                            "name": "Andrew Lam"
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